Disturbance-free switching control technology for energy storage converters between grid-following and grid-forming modes

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0642

Abstract

Abstract:

Energy storage systems (ESS) that operate solely in either grid-following (GFL) or grid-forming (GFM) control modes are insufficient for the demands of complex and dynamic power grids. This study proposes a seamless GFL/GFM switching control method for energy storage converters, enabling smooth transitions between GFM and GFL modes in response to environmental changes. The proposed method leverages the steady-state vector relationships of the two control modes and integrates key modules, including power angle observation, coordinate system rotation, and proportional-integral (PI) regulator initialization. Through impedance-based analysis, the correlation between system stability and the grid short-circuit ratio (SCR) under both modes is examined. It is demonstrated that dynamic variations in SCR can be effectively managed via hybrid GFL/GFM control and seamless switching, thereby improving system stability. The proposed approach is validated through simulation studies conducted using a MATLAB/Simulink model of an ESS. The results confirm that the converter achieves seamless transitions between GFL and GFM control, with enhanced responsiveness and stability. This research enhances the operational flexibility of high-power, high-frequency grid-forming ESS, enabling reliable performance in diverse scenarios such as grid-connected/off-grid operation and strong/weak grid conditions, and ensuring system safety and stability under varying external conditions.

Key words: energy storage converters, seamless GFL/GFM switching, wide-band oscillations, impedance analysis

CLC Number:

TM 461

Gongqiang LI, Lulu ZHAO, Fengxiang XIE, Yongdong JI, Jingjia LIU, Yanqiao CHEN, Yi JIN. Disturbance-free switching control technology for energy storage converters between grid-following and grid-forming modes[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(8): 2983-2993.

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名称	数值	名称	数值
额定功率/kW	200	额定频率/Hz	50
线电压/V	380	直流电压/V	720
电抗器电阻R_s/mΩ	0.02	电抗器电感L_s/mH	0.15
VSG虚拟惯量J/p.u.	4.9	VSG阻尼系数D/p.u.	295
VSG内电势比例系数k_ep	0.016	VSG内电势积分系数k_ei	1.6
GFM电压调节器比例系数k_up	3.2	GFM电压调节器积分系数k_ui	400
GFL功率调节器比例系数k_pp	0.5	GFL功率调节器积分系数k_pi	180
电流调节器比例系数k_ip	0.12	电流调节器积分系数k_ii	29