Investigating the rate discharge performance of square ternary lithium batteries at a wide temperature range

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0541

Abstract

Abstract:

Lithium-ion power batteries are crucial for the development of electric vehicles and they have widespread application in different scenarios. To study the variation laws of the voltage, temperature, and capacity, the charging and discharging cycle experiments are used considering the availability and safety of the square ternary lithium battery in a wide temperature range. According to the concavity and convexity of the voltage curve, the piecewise fitting analysis is performed to explore the voltage plateau characteristics of lithium batteries at different working conditions. The results revealed that, the voltage drops from 3.8 V to 3.1 V at ambient temperatures of 10 ℃, 25 ℃, 40 ℃, and 55 ℃ and current rate of 1 C. Moreover, at the ambient temperature of -20 ℃ and -5 ℃, the voltage drops from 3.39 V to 3.05 V and 3.68 V to 3.07 V, respectively. Furthermore, the battery terminal voltage changes gradually during the voltage plateau period, surface temperature rise does not reach a peak, discharge capacity accounts for approximately 90%, and the battery has excellent operating performance. However, when the ambient temperature drops to -35 ℃, the discharge capacity in the voltage plateau period accounts for 66.08% of the total discharge capacity; moreover, the impact of low temperature on energy loss is substantial. The research results provide a reference for the modeling and control strategy design of lithium-ion power batteries battery in electric vehicle of an energy storage system.

Key words: electric vehicle, ternary lithium battery, discharge characteristic, piecewise fit, voltage plateau period

CLC Number:

O 646

Yujie ZHANG, Xingxing WANG, Yu ZHU, Hongjun NI, Yelin DENG. Investigating the rate discharge performance of square ternary lithium batteries at a wide temperature range[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(12): 3950-3956.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Table 2

Fig. 5

Table 3

Comparison of discharge energy during voltage plateau period"

环境温度/℃	$Δ$ E_t/Wh	$Δ$ E_f1/Wh	$Δ$ E_f2/Wh	σ_f1/Wh	σ_f2/Wh	P_f1/%	P_f2/%
55	122.52	121.38	134.79	0.8061	8.6762	99.0608	90.8970
40	123.23	123.95	135.46	0.5091	8.6479	99.4191	90.9715
25	122.75	121.50	135.09	0.8839	8.7257	98.9712	90.8653
10	120.93	119.88	132.29	0.7425	8.0327	99.1241	91.4128
-5	108.87	109.41	118.10	0.3818	6.5266	99.5064	92.1846
-20	89.10	90.76	93.94	1.1738	3.4224	98.1710	94.8478
-35	50.34	50.02	52.79	0.2263	1.7324	99.3603	95.3590

Table 3

References 18

1	HARPER G, SOMMERVILLE R, KENDRICK E, et al. Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles[J]. Nature, 2019, 575(7781): 75-86.
2	YANG Z G, ZHANG J L, KINTNER-MEYER M C W, et al. Electrochemical energy storage for green grid[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2011, 111(5): 3577-3613.
3	GOODENOUGH J B, KIM Y. Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2010, 22(3): 587-603.
4	LIU L, LIN C J, FAN B, et al. A new method to determine the heating power of ternary cylindrical lithium ion batteries with highly repeatable thermal runaway test characteristics[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 472: doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228503.
5	OHZUKU T, BRODD R J. An overview of positive-electrode materials for advanced lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 174(2): 449-456.
6	SHAO Y J, HUANG B, LIU Q B, et al. Preparation and modification of Ni-Co-Mn ternary cathode materials[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2018, 30(4): 410-419.
7	朱鸿章, 吴传平, 周天念, 等. 磷酸铁锂和三元锂电池外部过热条件下的热失控特性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(01): 201-210.
	ZHU H Z, WU C P, ZHOU T N, et al. Thermal runaway characteristics of LiFePO₄ and ternary lithium batteries with external overheating[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(01): 201-210.
8	王春晓. 低温高倍率充放电下锂电池内部热应变特性研究[D]. 广汉: 中国民用航空飞行学院, 2020.
	WANG C X. Study on internal thermal strain characteristics of lithium batteries at high C rates under low temperature[D]. Guanghan: Civil Aviation Flight University of China, 2020.
9	BLOOM I, WALKER L K, BASCO J K, et al. Differential voltage analyses of high-power lithium-ion cells. 4. Cells containing NMC[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2010, 195(3): 877-882.
10	ZHANG Y P, WU L L, ZHAO J B, et al. A facile precursor-separated method to synthesize nano-crystalline LiFePO₄/C cathode materials[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2014, 719: 1-6.
11	GANTENBEIN S, SCHÖNLEBER M, WEISS M, et al. Capacity fade in lithium-ion batteries and cyclic aging over various state-of-charge ranges[J]. Sustainability, 2019, 11(23): 6697.
12	GHOLAMI J, BARZOKI M F. Electrochemical modeling and parameter sensitivity of lithium-ion battery at low temperature[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, 43: doi: 10.1016/j.est.2021.103189.
13	刘霞. 锂电池与超级电容测试台架建立与非线性建模[D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2019.
	LIU X. Test bench establishing and nonlinear modeling of lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2019.
14	LI B, XIA D G. Anionic redox in rechargeable lithium batteries[J]. Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(48): doi: 10.1002/adma.201701054
15	WANG X X, LIU S R, ZHANG Y J, et al. A review of the power battery thermal management system with different cooling, heating and coupling system[J]. Energies, 2022, 15(6): 1963.
16	LINDEN D, REDDY T B. Handbook of batteries[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
17	LUX S F, SCHMUCK M, APPETECCHI G B, et al. Lithium insertion in graphite from ternary ionic liquid-lithium salt electrolytes:II. Evaluation of specific capacity and cycling efficiency and stability at room temperature[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2009, 192(2): 606-611.
18	WANG X X, ZHANG Y J, ZHU Y, et al. Effect of different hot-pressing pressure and temperature on the performance of titanium mesh-based MEA for DMFC[J]. Membranes, 2022, 12(4): 431.

性能指标	参数
额定电压/V	3.65
工作电压/V	2.75～4.2
额定容量/Ah	40
标准内阻/mΩ	0.7
比能量/(Wh/kg)	206
尺寸(长×宽×高)/mm	148×91×27
质量/kg	0.7

环境温度/℃	斜率	截距	R²
55	-0.01227	3.74868	0.96286
40	-0.01196	3.70181	0.95808
25	-0.01205	3.69021	0.95813
10	-0.01183	3.68107	0.96233
-5	-0.01133	3.62082	0.97445
-20	-0.00826	3.44224	0.9793
-35	-0.00684	3.16604	0.76482

[1]	Jiangfeng LI, Shuaiqi LI, Xianzhen RUAN, Lei XU, Xiaochun ZHANG, Wenji SONG, Ziping FENG. Review of CO₂ heat pump and thermal management for pure electric vehicle [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(9): 2959-2970.
[2]	Guanghua WU, Hongsheng LI, Fei LI, Bo CHEN, Shike ZHANG. Research on the prediction of carbon emissions in the whole life cycle of electric vehicles considering time correlation [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(7): 2206-2212.
[3]	Yan ZHANG, Wei HAN, Chuang SONG, Shuangyi YANG. Joint planning and operation optimization of photovoltaic-storage- charging integrated station containing electric vehicles [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1502-1511.
[4]	Jun WANG, Lin RUAN, Yanliang QIU. Research progress on rapid heating methods for lithium-ion battery in low-temperature [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1563-1574.
[5]	Siyan LIU, Bihua HU. Model predictive control for bidirectional DC-DC converter of hydrogen fuel vehicles [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(6): 2046-2052.
[6]	Yi'nan ZHU, Taolin LÜ, Zhiyun ZHAO, Wen YANG. State of charge estimation of lithium ion battery based on parallel Kalman filter [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(6): 2352-2362.
[7]	Xiaogang WU, Zhihao CUI, Yizhao SUN, Kun ZHANG, Jiuyu DU. Charging strategy and thermal management technology of power battery in high power charging process of electric vehicle [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(6): 2218-2234.
[8]	Youqiang LINGHU, Dehou XU, Xiuyan YUE, Xuezhi ZHOU, Yujie XU, Yong SHENG, Zhitao ZUO, Haisheng CHEN. Study on characteristics of the discharge process for zeolite-liquid water adsorption heat storage system [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(3): 1103-1108.
[9]	Huaibin WANG, Yang LI, Qinzheng WANG, Zhiming DU, Xuning FENG. Mechanisms causing thermal runaway-related electric vehicle accidents and accident investigation strategies [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(2): 544-557.
[10]	Yanjuan LU, Youqin CHEN, Tinglong PAN. Community microgrid energy management considering electric vehicles and demand response [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(2): 617-623.
[11]	Jundong DUAN, Gaoshang LI, Yishi LI, Ziheng FU, Hongye HUANG. Coordinated charging control for EV charging stations considering wind power accommodation [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(2): 630-637.
[12]	Dong WANG, Lili ZHENG, Xichao LI, Guangchao DU, Yan FENG, Longzhou JIA, Zuoqiang DAI. Thermal safety of ternary soft pack power lithium battery [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(5): 1517-1525.
[13]	ZHENG Zheng, GAO Weixing, ZHANG Xi. Simulation study of a battery discharge power balance system based on the external energy storage method [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(4): 1167-1177.
[14]	ZHENG Hai, XU Yanfang, LIU Hantao, CHEN Kai, GUI Wenlong. Experimental analysis of thermal management system of lithium ion power battery based on liquid medium [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(3): 885-891.
[15]	ZHANG Qian, WU Xiaolan, BAI Zhifeng, CHENG Jingyi. Research on adaptive energy management strategy of hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicles [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(3): 878-884.