Overview of the development of underground pumped hydro storage

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0934

Abstract

Abstract:

For facilitating the achievement of carbon neutrality by 2060, the corresponding huge demand for energy storage needs to be met; however, the outputs of conventional pumped storage sites in China are insufficient to meet this demand. To solve this problem, this paper reviews the research on underground pumped storage in the United States, Russia, Singapore, Japan, and other countries. Subsequently, it proposes a low-cost underground pumped storage scheme based on hard rock boring machine (TBM) excavation. Further, it expounds the development status of three different types of underground pumped storage, namely, underground pumped storage with artificial excavation of underground space, underground pumped storage with abandoned mine reconstruction, and other underground (sea) pumped storage type. This paper introduces the key technologies and challenges associated with underground pumped storage, including the current situation of underground engineering construction and operation, and the development status of high-head pump turbine technology. Finally, this paper discusses the challenges of developing underground pumped storage, and proposes suggestions to prioritize the development of underground pumped storage with artificial excavation of underground space, further proposing key technologies for implementing this technology. This review shows that underground pumped storage is technologically feasible, economically feasible, and has obvious advantages. Thus, the authors of this paper suggest that China should strengthen the research and development, promotion, and application of underground pumped storage technology to achieve the carbon neutrality goal.

Key words: underground pumped hydro storage, carbon neutrality, new energy

CLC Number:

TM 61

Zipan NIE, Liye XIAO, Qingquan QIU, Jingye ZHANG. Overview of the development of underground pumped hydro storage[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(5): 1606-1619.

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项目	主要参数
容量	210万kW
储能量	900万kWh(储能时长约4小时)
地下水库	位于地下1000 m，直径12 m，长度32 km，容积约360万m³
地上水库	与地下水库容积相匹配
斜井	与地面倾斜角度7°，直径12 m，垂直距离1000 m，总长度8.2 km

抽水蓄能电站名称	西班牙Asturian	南非FWR	美国Mount hope	德国Prosper-Haniel	德国Grund ore mine
水头/m	300～600	1200/1500(两级)	810	560	700
库容/m³	17万	100万	620万	60万	24～26万
功率/MW	23.52	水泵：955水轮机：1230	2040	200	100
储能量/MWh	141	6800	/	820	400
实施现状	完成设计	完成设计	计划先建设1000 MW	提出计划	提出计划
废弃矿类型	煤矿	金矿	铁矿	煤矿	铅锌矿

参数和功能		定速可逆式	调速可逆式	三机式
额定功率		可达500 MW	可达500 MW	可达300 MW
额定水头		单级可达700 m 多级可达1000 m	单级可达700 m 多级可达1000 m	可达1500 m
技术成熟度		成熟	成熟	成熟

发电状态(水轮机工作状态)^[34]	功率输出(占额定功率的百分比/%)	30%～100%	20%～100%	0～100%
	静止到水轮机模式的启动时间/s	70	75～85	65
	水轮机到水泵模式的转换时间/s	240～420	240～415	25
	调频	具备	具备	具备
	旋转备用	具备	具备	具备
	功率斜坡变化/负荷跟随	具备	具备	具备
	输出无功/电压支撑	具备	具备	具备
	发电机切机	具备	具备	具备

储能状态(水泵工作状态)^[34]	功率输入(占额定功率的百分比/%)	100%	60%～100% (75%～125%)	0～100%
	静止到水泵模式的启动时间/s	160～340	160～230	80
	水泵到水轮机模式的转换时间/s	90～190	90～190	25
	调频	不具备	具备	具备
	旋转备用	具备	具备	具备
	功率斜坡变化/负荷跟随	不具备	具备	具备
	输出无功/电压支撑	具备	具备	具备
	减载(水泵切机)	具备	具备	具备

水头/m	水泵水轮机级数
水头/m	单级	二级
500	20美元/kW	—
1000	11.8美元/kW	20.5美元/kW
1500	—	13.5美元/kW

生产厂商	容量/MW	水头高度/m	转轮外径/m	转速/(r/min)	循环效率	装备工程	备注
哈尔滨电机^[37]	431	705	4.24	500	—	广东阳江抽水蓄能电站	水泵水轮机
东方电机^[38]	350	756	—	500	—	浙江长龙山电站	水泵水轮机
美国通用电气(原法国阿尔斯通)^[3]	400	1000	—	—	≈80 %	—	多级水泵水轮机
奥地利Andritz^{[35, 39]}	140	1060	—	600	—	瑞典Tierfehd(Nestil)	4级水泵水轮机
德国Voith^[31]	500	＞700	—	—	—	—	水泵水轮机