Fig. 1

Application and preparation method of biomass derived carbon materials in VRFB"

Fig. 2

(a) Schematic diagram of the corn protein-derived electrocatalyst fabrication process[14]; (b) carbon felt incorporated with electrocatalyst[14]; (c) schematic diagrams of the dopamine-derived graphite felt fabrication process[15]; (d) schematic illustration of high-graphitization and porous carbon derived from scaphium scaphigerum[18]"

Fig. 3

Schematic of the fabrication for SCF[31]"

Fig. 4

(a)-(b) FE-SEM image, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm and pore size distribution (insert) of graphite felt coated with dopamine-derived nitrogen-doped carbon[21]; (c)-(h) nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm, pore size distribution, and XPS carbonized cotton (CC) electrode[29]; (i)-(l) 3D AFM, TEM images, XRD, and Raman of graphite felt coated with Bacillus mycoides derived carbon[17]"

Fig. 5

(a) CVs of the N-CB-CF and other electrode[14]; (b)-(c) CVs of the CB-CF and N-CB-CF different scan rate[14]; (d)-(e) Nyquist plots, charge-discharge curves of VRFBs employing of pristine graphite felt, oxidized graphite felt and dopamine-derived graphite felt[15]; (f)-(g) charging and discharging performance of the VRFB employing the pristine and PLC electrodes at different current densities[17]"