Fig. 1

The brief history of the development of solid polymer electrolytes[9, 11-12]"

Table 1

Ionic conductivities and electrochemical windows of PEO-SPEs"

Fig. 2

(a) Schematic diagram of agglomeration of nanoparticles and 3D continuous framework in PEO/LiTFSI/LLTO composite electrolyte [33]; (b) Schematic illustration of the fast ionic conduction pathway along the space charge regions and comparison of the ionic conductivity data obtained from the Monte Carlo simulation with those acquired via the experimental measurement for the PEO:Ga-LLZO composite [34]"

Fig. 3

Polyethylene/poly(ethylene oxide) solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) synthesis and nomenclature[29]"

Fig. 4

(a) The Synthetic Routes of the pPEGMA [43] and (b) CSSPE [45]"

Fig. 5

(a) The proposed polymerization route of acid catalyzed polymerization of DOL; (b) Optic images of the polymerization process of DOL at room temperature; (c) TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) and DTG (derivative thermogravimetry) and (d) DSC curves of P-DOL-SPE [50]"

Table 2

Ionic conductivities and electrochemical windows of PS-SPE"

Fig. 6

Schematic diagram of synthesis of solid polymers (a) PSP[54]； (b) VC-PMHs[55]"

Fig. 7

(a) Polymerization process of PFEC and simulation of HVTPE system, where LiDFOB was uniformly distributed, Linear voltammetry curves of Li/PEO-GPE/SS and Li/HVTPE/SS cells, Comparison of temperature dependent ionic conductivity of PEO-GPE and HVTPE[70]; (b) Synthetic process of photo-organocatalyzed alternating copolymerization of CTFE/MEGVE and postmodification[71]"

Fig. 8

(a) The synthesis route of F-terminated poly-oxalates (POE-F); (b) Simulated HOMO and LUMO of the hexamers of C5-POE and C5-POE-F; (c) The ionic conductivity of POE-F composed of different dihydric alcohol [73]"

Fig. 9

Schematic illustration of electrochemical window of solid electrolyte and design of all-solid-state batteries highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) [81]"

Fig. 10

(a) Stacking model of DLPSE in an all-solid-state cell and molecular structure of PMA; (b) The cross-section images of a Li/PEO-LiTFSI/PMA-LiTFSI/LCO cell; (c) Charge/discharge profiles of a Li/PEO-LiTFSI/PMA-LiTFSI/LiCoO2 cell at 65 ℃ and 0.2 C (100 μA/cm2)[77]"

Fig. 11

(a) Schematic of differentiated salt-based multilayered solid polymer electrolyte (DSM-SPE) and Scheme representative of the interfacial stability of cathode enabled by the lower HOMO of DSM-SPE and CEI[78]; (b) Schematic diagram of the HMSE [79]; (c) Schematic diagram of the laminated dual-polymer/polymer-ceramic composite electrolyte LDPPCCE [80]"

Fig. 12

The cross-section structure of a Li-polymer all-solid-state cell with cathode stable polymer as cathode bind, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images of TiO2-coated NCM particles in different magnifications, SEM and elemental mapping images of TiO2-coated NCM particles, Ni, Co, Mn, Ti[81]"