Table 1

Comparison of modification layers introduced to modify the NASICON/Li interfaces"

Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of (a) the preparation of ultrathin ZnO layer coated LATP pellet by magnetron sputtering; (b) changes of interface evolution between Li metal anode and LATP with ZnO Layer; (c) without ultrathin ZnO layer[16]"

Table 2

Comparison of modification layers introduced to modify the LLZO/Li interfaces"

Fig. 2

Structural evolution of Si-coated LLZO upon lithiation by molten Li. Digital images of Si-coated LLZO (a) before and (b、c) after lithiation; (d) Schematic view of the superlithiophilic garnet-Li metal interface enabled by the in situ-formed, lithiated Si layer; (e) Theoretical calculations demonstrate improved interfacial contacts between LLZO and Li metal due to the enhanced wetting mediated by the in situ-lithiated Si interlayer[38]"

Fig. 3

The development of sulfide solid electrolyte in recent ten years"

Fig. 4

(a) Three-electrode cell schematic diagram (WE, working electrode; RE, reference electrode; CE, counter electrode); (b) Schematic of Li metal/Li6PS5Cl interface cycled at an overall current density above the critical current for stripping"

Fig. 5

Radar plots of the performance properties of different electrolytes: (a) liquid organic electrolytes; (b) solid polymer electrolytes; (c) solid inorganic electrolytes; (d) polymer/liquid composites; (e) polymer/polymer composites and (f) polymer/inorganic composite[77]"

Fig. 6

(a) Polyethylene/poly(ethylene oxide) solid polymer electrolyte synthesis and nomenclature [82]; (b) Schematic diagram showing the design principles of polymer-polymer composite SSE (left) and Crosssectional SEM images of an ultrathin nanoporous PI film with zoomed-in image of the aligned nanopores (top) (right) [83]; (c) Schematic diagram of preparation process for the m-PPL [85]"

Fig.7

(a) The relationship between conductivity and temperature of LiBH4 and LiBH4-LiX(X = Cl，Br，I)[96]; (b) The relationship between conductivity and temperature of Li2(BH4)(NH2) and Li4(BH4)(NH2)3[97]"

Fig. 8

(a) Classification of metal-containing halide electrolytes; (b) room temperature ionic conductivity of representative halide electrolytes[104]"

Fig. 9

Schematic diagram of water-mediated synthesis route for Li3InCl6 SSE and the reversible interconversion between the hydrated a Li3InCl6 ? x?H2O and dehydrated Li3InCl6[110]"

Table 3

The ionic conductivities of different kinds of solid state electrolytes prepared by different methods"

Fig. 10

(a) Cross-sectional SEM images of LNO coated NCM811 particles [143]; (b) Cross-sectional SEM images of Li3PO4 coated LiNi0.5Mn0.5O4 particles [144]"

Fig. 11

(a) Schematic diagram of the co-sintered composite cathode and SSE with in-situ formed interphases; (b) SEM imagine of LABTP/LCO-LABTP interphases and X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) line scan across the interphases[149]"

Fig. 12

Schematic diagram of Lithium plating-stripping on the current collector with a Ag-C nanocomposite layer during charging and discharging processes[155]"

Fig. 13

(a) Schematic diagram for preparation of LLTO film using tape-casting method[174]; (b) Schematic diagram for preparation of free-standing all-solid state cathode dry-film based on NCM and sulfide electrolyte[176]"

Fig. 14

(a) Schematic diagram of the novel bilayer solid-state electrolyte framework in comparison with traditional soft polymer separators and rigid solid state electrolyte; (b) Photograph of a sintered bilayer garnet framework sample; (c) Cross-sectional SEM photographs sintered bilayer garnet framework[182]"

Table 4

Industrialization progress of domestic and foreign enterprises in solid state lithium batteries"