Analysis of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage technology

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0139

Abstract

Abstract:

The hydrogen sector has gained considerable attention in accelerating energy industry transformation owing to its zero pollution, high energy, rich resources, and versatile applications. However, the inherent instability and safety concerns of hydrogen, such as its susceptibility to burn and explode after leakage, pose challenges to its storage and transportation and overall cost-effectiveness. Efficient, economical, and safe hydrogen storage and transportation have become one of the main bottlenecks of the large-scale application of hydrogen technology. Among various storage and transportation technologies, high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage technology is the most mature and widely used technology at present. By analyzing 2276 patents related to high-pressure gas hydrogen storage technology in 126 countries worldwide since 2003, we can know patent application trends, technological focus areas, monopolization tendencies, patent holders, market distribution, etc. This study aims to shed light on innovation heat, application trends, regional distribution, and the status of enterprises in the field, providing support for potential market entry, research directions, distribution points, etc. The analysis reveals that overall technological monopolies in this field are low. The technologies of considerable interest mainly revolved around high-pressure hydrogen storage containers, composite materials, aluminum alloys, etc. In the future, developing high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage should focus on achieving lightweight, high-pressure solutions with low costs and stable quality. Although the number of new enterprises is increasing annually, the quantity of high-level technology patents remains limited. Therefore, expediting the technology application process and establishing technical barriers at the earliest opportunity is crucial. China has made substantial research and development investments in high-pressure hydrogen storage is large, indicating that the future domestic market competition is fierce.

Key words: high pressure, hydrogen, hydrogen storage, technology

CLC Number:

TQ 03

Shuhui ZHOU, Xiulin WANG, Pinjia DUAN, Yu ZHANG, Yiyan SUI, Lu LU. Analysis of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage technology[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(8): 2668-2679.

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技术类别		优势	劣势
物理储氢	高压气态储氢	使用最广泛，且技术最成熟	储氢量少，重容比较低；受压力和储氢瓶材料影响较大；存在泄漏、爆炸等安全隐患
物理储氢	低温液态储氢	储氢密度高，在常温、常压下液氢的密度是气态氢的800倍以上	对转化技术、存储材料要求较高，成本较昂贵；国内技术不成熟，仅用于航天领域，尚未实现民用
化学储氢	有机液态储氢	存储密度较高，通过加氢、脱氢过程可实现有机液体的循环利用，成本相对较低	加氢、脱氢装置成本较高；脱氢效率低且氢气纯度不高；需燃少量有机化合物，非“零排放”
	其余化学储氢	液氨对环境无害，储存条件较为温和	极少量未分解液氨混入氢气中便会造成较大污染
	其余化学储氢	甲醇来源广泛，应用的经济性好；节能减排效果明显；常温常压即可存储，运输方便	技术尚未完全成熟
吸附储氢	金属合金储氢	相同体积下，固态低压合金储氢装置有效储氢质量较高	技术尚未完全成熟
吸附储氢	碳质材料储氢	吸附能力较强，储氢质量密度较高，可达6%～12%；质量较轻，易脱氢	技术处于早期阶段，机理认识不完全；制备过程较复杂；成本较高

申请年	F17C1	F17C13	F17C5	F17C11	B29C70	F17D1	C25B1	G01M3	B01D53	F17D3
2003	3	2	2	0	4	0	16	0	0	0
2004	4	0	0	2	2	0	1	1	2	0
2005	2	1	3	0	0	1	0	0	1	1
2006	8	9	7	1	0	0	0	0	5	0
2007	18	4	3	5	0	0	0	0	10	3
2008	22	1	3	21	2	1	0	4	0	0
2009	8	7	4	2	4	1	1	0	2	0
2010	10	7	6	1	3	0	7	0	0	0
2011	18	3	3	2	6	1	0	0	2	0
2012	28	20	1	0	5	1	0	0	0	0
2013	26	8	3	0	0	8	0	1	0	5
2014	16	12	3	16	1	0	9	0	9	0
2015	18	8	2	0	4	0	5	1	1	0
2016	6	9	4	2	1	2	1	0	0	0
2017	49	53	19	8	6	2	4	2	6	2
2018	49	46	7	0	5	3	0	2	4	2
2019	63	65	12	7	1	8	0	11	1	7
2020	104	97	22	7	11	6	3	15	4	6
2021	82	91	28	9	16	23	1	9	0	21
2022	7	4	0	0	2	0	0	2	0	0

分类号	定义
F17C1	压力容器，例如气瓶、气罐、可替换的筒(除供贮存目的外，其他压力装置见有关小类，例如A62C，B05B；与车辆有关的见B60至B64类的适当小类；一般压力容器入F16J12/00)[2006.01]
F17C13	容器或容器装填排放的零部件[2006.01]
F17C5	液化、固化或压缩气体装入压力容器的方法和设备(将发射剂加到烟雾剂容器入B65B31/00)
F17C11	在容器中使用气体溶剂或气体吸收剂[2006.01]
B21D22	用冲压、旋压或拉深的无切削成型(不用刚性设备或工具或挠性或弹性衬垫的入B21D26/00)[2006.01]
F17C7	从压力容器内排放液化、固化或压缩气体的其他小类内不包含的方法或设备[2006.01]
G01N3	用机械应力测试固体材料的强度特性
H01M8	燃料电池；及其制造〔2〕
B21D51	制造空心产品(用厚壁管或不均匀管的入B21K21/00)[2006.01]
B22F3	由金属粉末制造工件或制品，其特点为用压实或烧结的方法；所用的专用设备[2021.01]

申请年	中国	美国	日本	德国	韩国	法国	欧洲专利局	丹麦	中国台湾	俄罗斯
2003	6	9	18	3	1	3	0	0	0	0
2004	2	13	15	1	1	1	2	0	0	0
2005	6	9	6	6	1	4	1	0	2	0
2006	6	11	15	3	1	2	1	4	1	1
2007	10	15	3	4	1	3	1	7	0	2
2008	13	10	5	2	0	13	3	0	1	1
2009	7	16	3	6	2	0	7	0	0	1
2010	23	22	2	12	0	0	6	0	2	0
2011	21	9	19	12	2	1	2	0	1	2
2012	21	20	5	7	1	2	1	0	1	2
2013	45	10	4	2	1	0	1	0	0	0
2014	32	3	7	1	3	1	0	0	0	0
2015	36	11	5	2	3	2	0	0	1	0
2016	24	3	3	1	0	1	1	0	0	0
2017	99	6	14	3	6	4	1	0	0	1
2018	95	1	2	4	1	0	1	0	0	0
2019	142	4	5	7	5	1	3	0	2	0
2020	206	4	3	6	9	2	5	0	1	0
2021	179	2	2	2	6	2	3	3	0	0
2022	12	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0

申请年	中国	世界知识产权组织	美国	日本	德国	韩国	欧洲专利局	印度	俄罗斯	中国台湾
2003	7	4	3	4	3	5	5	1	1	1
2004	3	1	9	8	2	6	2	0	0	0
2005	7	5	3	7	3	2	3	1	0	2
2006	9	4	7	6	4	3	5	5	1	1
2007	12	9	8	4	3	1	5	1	3	0
2008	16	6	5	5	4	0	1	3	1	1
2009	9	6	5	4	7	2	2	4	1	1
2010	21	11	9	1	5	1	7	6	2	2
2011	25	5	6	10	7	5	2	6	2	0
2012	23	6	5	6	4	0	3	2	3	1
2013	41	5	4	1	2	1	4	2	0	0
2014	35	1	2	1	0	4	1	1	0	0
2015	38	2	4	3	3	3	3	1	0	2
2016	25	0	3	2	1	0	1	2	0	0
2017	101	6	4	5	4	6	2	3	2	0
2018	94	1	1	1	3	1	0	1	0	0
2019	139	8	2	1	4	7	4	4	0	1
2020	194	7	4	0	4	9	4	6	0	4
2021	179	11	1	2	1	4	1	2	0	0
2022	12	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0