Research progress on the safety assessment of lithium-ion battery energy storage

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0252

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study, research progress on safety assessment technologies of lithium-ion battery energy storage is reviewed. The status of standards related to the safety assessment of lithium-ion battery energy storage is elucidated, and research progress on safety assessment theories of lithium-ion battery energy storage is summarized in terms of battery intrinsic safety, energy storage failure and accident statistics, thermal runaway mechanism, and fire spread mechanism. Numerical simulations and safety assessment technologies from lithium-ion battery cells to energy storage systems are analyzed, and the current situation of the safety assessment technology of energy storage power stations is introduced. The results indicate that, with the continuous iteration of battery technology and the continuous upgrading of energy storage system structures, the safety assessment of energy storage becomes more and more complex; thus, existing assessment techniques and standards must be further improved. In the future, safety assessment indexes must be adjusted and updated according to the development of energy storage battery intrinsic safety and electrical and fire safety technologies. By combining the progress of simulation and experimental means, safety index thresholds are clarified, as well as the evolution of safety performance accompanying capacity decay and aging after the energy storage system is put into operation. This study aims to build a safety performance level assessment system covering multiple systems, scenarios, and elements; integrate dynamic and static indicators; and develop a safety performance rating assessment technology for energy storage systems that covers "cell-module-unit-system-power plant" layers. Finally, we aim to develop an internationally applicable safety performance assessment standard for energy storage systems and provide Chinese solutions for global energy storage safety.

Key words: lithium-ion batteries, energy storage, safety assessment technology, energy storage safety standards

CLC Number:

O 646.21

Jin LI, Qingsong WANG, Depeng KONG, Xiaodong WANG, Zhenhua YU, Yanfei LE, Xinyan HUANG, Zhenkai HU, Houfu WU, Huabin FANG, Caowei, Shaoyu ZHANG, Ping ZHUO, Ye CHEN, Ziting LI, Wenxin MEI, Yue ZHANG, Lixiang ZHAO, Liang TANG, Zonghou HUANG, Chi CHEN, Yanhu LIU, Yuxi CHU, Xiaoyuan XU, Jin ZHANG, Yikai LI, Rong FENG, Biao YANG, Bo HU, Xiaoying YANG. Research progress on the safety assessment of lithium-ion battery energy storage[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(7): 2282-2301.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1

Table 2

Safety evaluation standards for battery"

序号	标准名称	对象	适用范围
1	IEC 62619 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes-Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, for use in industrial applications	工业用锂离子电池	规定了工业应用(包括固定应用)中使用的锂蓄电池和电池系统的安全运行要求和测试要求
2	IEC 63056 Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes-Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in electrical energy storage systems	储能系统用锂离子电池	规定了最大直流电压为1500 V(标称值)的电力储能系统中使用的锂蓄电池和电池产品安全和测试要求。在IEC 62619基本安全要求基础上，提出对电力储能系统用锂蓄电池和电池系统的附加或特定要求
3	UN 38.3 Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods	含锂电池货物	规定了锂电池运输状态条件的一系列测试要求，包括高度模拟、热测试、振动、冲击、55 ℃外短路、撞击试验、过充电试验、强制放电试验等
4	IEC 62281 Safety of primary and secondary lithium cells and batteries during transport	锂离子电池	该标准规定了一次和二次(可充电)锂电池和电池组的试验方法和要求，以确保其在运输过程中的安全性
5	UL 1973 Batteries for Use in Stationary，Vehicle Auxiliary Power and Light Electric Rail (LER) Applications	储能电池	规定了对电池的产品结构要求、电气试验、机械试验、环境试验、铭牌标识、用户手册、出厂测试要求等，并在附录中给出了零部件应符合的标准以及高温钠电池、液流电池测试要求
6	GB/T 36276—2018 电力储能用锂离子电池	电力储能用锂离子电池	规定了电力储能用锂离子电池的规格、技术要求、试验方法和检验规则等内容

Table 2

Table 3

Safety evaluation standards for energy storage systems"

序号	标准名称	对象	适用范围
1	IEC 62933-5-2 Electrical energy storage (EES) systems Part 5-2: Safety requirements for grid-integrated EES systems Electrochemical-based systems	电化学储能系统	在IEC TS 62933-5-1的基础上进一步明确电化学储能系统(如电池系统)的安全要求，减少由于电化学储能系统子系统之间相互作用而产生危害或损害的风险
2	IEC 62933-5-4 Electrical energy storage (EES) systems Part 5-4: Safety test methods and procedures for grid integrated EES systems-Lithium ion battery-based systems	锂离子电池储能系统	规定了并网锂离子电池储能系统的安全测试方法和测试程序
3	NFPA 855 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems	固定式储能系统	规定了电池储能系统部署要求，列出了各种储能项目设计和安装注意事项，包括不同场所中的间距、消防装置、通风以及相关的防火等要求
4	UL 9540 Energy Storage Systems and Equipment	电化学、化学、机械和热能储能系统	涵盖了电化学储能系统、机械储能系统和储热系统的建设要求，并要求电池满足UL 1973标准，逆变器等满足UL 1741标准
5	UL 9540A Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery Energy Storage Systems	电池储能系统	评估电池热失控特性的测试方法，通过测试热失控下产生的各种气体的浓度以及燃烧速率、爆炸压力等来评估火灾、爆炸的危害
6	AS/NZS 5139:2019 Electrical installations-Safety of battery systems for use with power conversion equipment	电池储能系统	规定了与电源转换设备连接的电池系统的安全以及安装要求
7	GB/T 36558—2018 电力系统电化学储能系统通用技术条件	电力系统电化学储能系统	规定了储能系统的能量转换效率、充放电时间等性能要求以及保护、监控、通信、计量等要求
8	GB/T 40090—2021 储能电站运行维护规程	电化学储能电站	规定了储能电站的正常运行、异常运行及故障处理、维护等过程的技术要求
9	GB/T 42288—2022 电化学储能电站安全规程	电化学储能电站	规定了电化学储能屯站设备设施、运行维护、检修试验、应急处置的安全要求

Table 3

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Table 4

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序号	项目名称	电池类型	电站状态	事故时间
1	京港澳高速武汉江夏区附近货车运输中的储能系统	磷酸铁锂	运输中	2022-01
2	韩国蔚山SK工厂储能项目	三元	投运2年	2022-01
3	韩国庆尚北道军威郡新谷里太阳能发电厂储能项目	三元	投运3年	2022-01
4	中国江西上饶黄金埠某储能项目	磷酸铁锂	调试	2022-02
5	美国加州蒙特雷县Moss Landing储能项目	三元	投运1年	2022-02
6	中国台湾工研院龙井储能项目	三元	投运2年	2022-03
7	美国亚利桑那Chandler电池储能项目	三元	投运3年	2022-04
8	美国加州Valley Center储能项目	三元	投运0.2年	2022-04
9	法国科西嘉岛某光伏电站储能集装箱		投运4年	2022-06
10	美国加州Rio Dell房车公园一铅蓄电池系统事故	铅酸电池		2022-08
11	韩国仁川Hyundai Steel Plant储能项目		投运0.5年	2022-09
12	美国加州特斯拉储能项目	三元		2022-09
13	韩国板桥数据中心	三元		2022-10
14	中国海南莺歌海盐场光储项目	磷酸铁锂		2022-10
15	中国江苏启东市海洪路启东沃厂房内储能电箱			2022-10
16	韩国全罗南道潭阳郡光伏电站储能项目	三元		2022-12
17	韩国全罗南道灵岩郡光伏电站储能项目	三元		2022-12

标准/论文/技术报告	安全评价方法	方法依据/备注
IEC系列规范：IEC 62933-5-1-2017, IEC 62933-5-2-2020, IEC 62619-2022	故障类型及其影响分析(FMEA)	IEC 60812
	失效模式效应与关键性分析法 (FMECA)	—
	故障树分析(FTA)	IEC 61025
	危害与可操作性分析(HAZOP)	IEC 61882
	系统理论事故模型和过程(STAMP)	—
UL系列规范：UL 1973-2022, UL 9540-2020	故障树分析(FTA)	IEC 61025
	故障类型及其影响分析(FMEA)	IEC 60812
	保护层分析(LOPA)	IEC 61508
NFPA855-2023	故障树分析(FTA)	IEC 61025
NFPA855-2023	故障类型及其影响分析(FMEA)	IEC 60812
DNV (2015)^[91]	失效模式效应与关键性分析法 (FMECA)	评估手册
美国Sandia国家实验室(2020)^[92]	系统理论过程分析(STPA)	技术报告
Rosewater & Williams(2015)^[93]	系统理论过程分析(STPA)	论文
Choo & Go(2022)^[94]	混合系统理论过程分析(STPA-H)	论文
Conzen等(2023)^[95]	蝴蝶结分析法(Bowtie Analysis)	论文

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