Fig. 1

The development history of EVs powered by lithium-ion batteries and corresponding fast-charging capabilities[7]"

Fig. 2

Schematic diagram of ion transport during the fast-charging process of lithium-ion batteries"

Fig. 3

(a) Illustration of Li deposition on graphite anodes under fast-charging conditions[14]; (b) The degradation mechanism caused by the lithium plating on anodes[16]"

Fig. 4

The enlargement of the graphite layer spacing[30]"

Fig. 5

(a) Schematic scheme of pristine graphite and KOH etched graphite[33]; (b) Vertical pore channels generated by highly ordered laser-patterned electrode[31]"

Fig. 6

(a) Illustration of N- and B-doped graphene[35]; (b) Si NPs attached to graphene sheets by polydopamine-linked strong covalent and hydrogen bonds[36]; (c) Conventional particle electrodes with large interparticle resistance and high pore tortuosity and single-layer electrodes with low pore tortuosity and no intergranular resistance in the ion transport direction[37]"

Fig. 7

(a) The self-expanded ion-transport channels enabled by the reversible transition of chemical bonds with different bond lengths and the representation of self-expanding Li-ion transport channels in GDY anodes during cycling;[39] (b) Illustration of Cu0.95V2O5 self-catalyzing the growth of GDY and generation of Cu and O vacancies[40]; (c) Schematic diagram of the IPI[41]"

Fig. 8

(a) TEM images with corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns and high magnification TEM images with filtered Fourier transforms of regions enclosed in yellow squares of P-NCA85 and 1-Nb NCA85 cathodes after 1000 cycles[73]; (b) Cross-sectional SEM images of NCA95 and NCMo95 cathode particles lithiated at 700, 750, and 800 °C for 10 h[74]; (c) Rate performance of LiCo0.98MO2 (M=Co0.02, Mg0.02, Ti0.02 and Mg0.01Ti0.01) and cycling performance of LiCoO2 and LiCo0.98Mg0.01Ti0.01O2 at 5 C[75];(d) Schematic diagram of LiNiO2 and LiNiO2 crystal structure doped with Mn[76]"

Fig. 9

(a) Schematic diagram of coordination structure in LCE and LHCE [79]; (b) Illustrations of the solution structures and the process of Li+ intercalation into graphite layer in LCE and LHCE[84]"

Fig. 10

(a) Possible mechanisms for dehydrofluorination of FEC by Lewis acid (PF5) or HF[87]; (b) The possible mechanism for HF removal and PF5 stabilization by the TMSNCS additive[88]; (c) Schematic illustration of vicious circle in blank electrolyte and effective protection in DMPATMB-contained electrolyte for lithium metal battery. Dashed lines represent weakened reactions[89]"