Overview of the echelon utilization technology and engineering application of retired power batteries

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0288

Abstract

Abstract:

With the vigorous development of the new energy industry in recent years, power batteries will usher in a large-scale retirement tide. Echelon utilization of power batteries can not only maximize the value of batteries and reduce the life cycle cost of power batteries but also weaken the threat of retired power batteries to the environment and alleviate the problems of high cost and low income associated with traditional energy storage systems. The traditional screening technology for consistency in the capacity division and constant capacity has low efficiency and high cost, making it difficult to adapt to the screening needs of power battery consistency in multiple scenarios. Data analysis has yet to play an integral role in the screening process; thus, fast and efficient battery screening technology has become one of the critical technologies for the large-scale application of retired batteries. Additionally, the existing echelon utilization technology cannot solve the problems of poor consistency; moreover, the degradation of the reorganized battery cascade operation is fast and the aging pattern is difficult to predict, posing significant safety hazards. The echelon utilization of retired power batteries still needs to achieve breakthroughs associated with large-scale applications, such as consistency management, dynamic safety monitoring, and regulation. Although the demonstration application of echelon utilization battery energy storage systems achieved satisfactory results initially, it still faces technical challenges such as system safety and economy. This study summarizes the research status of key technologies, such as sorting, evaluation, screening, detection, recombination, balancing, and safety of retired power batteries, by exploring recent relevant literature. It characterizes the industrial policies and national industry standards related to the echelon utilization of retired power batteries, which is expected to provide a reference for the reasonable use of large-scale retired power batteries.

Key words: electrochemical energy storage, retired power battery, echelon utilization, echelon utilization standards

CLC Number:

TM 912

Guangjin ZHAO, Bowen LI, Yuxia HU, Ruifeng DONG, Fangfang WANG. Overview of the echelon utilization technology and engineering application of retired power batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(7): 2319-2332.

Figures/Tables 7

Table 1

Fig. 1

Table 2

Relevant policies for the echelon utilization of retired power batteries in china"

时间	部门	政策	主要内容和影响
2022-12	工信部	《新能源汽车废旧动力蓄电池综合利用行业规范条件》企业名单(第四批)	公示第四批动力电池综合利用企业名单，共包含17省市41家企业
2022-09	市场监管总局	《关于开展新能源汽车动力电池梯次利用产品认证工作的公告(征求意见稿)》	加强新能源汽车动力蓄电池梯次利用管理，提升资源综合利用水平，保障梯次利用电池产品的质量
2022-08	工信部等七部门	《信息通信行业绿色低碳发展行动计划(2022—2025年)》	鼓励企业在通信基站备电等领域有序推进动力电池梯次利用，提升全过程安全管理能力
2021-11	工信部	《“十四五”工业绿色发展规划》	推动废旧动力电池在储能、备电、充换电等领域的规模化梯次应用，建设一批梯次利用和再生利用项目，到2025年，建成较为完善的动力电池回收利用体系
2021-11	工信部	《新能源汽车废旧动力电池蓄电池综合利用行业规范条件》企业名单(第三批)	健全锂离子电池生产、销售、使用、回收、综合利用等全生命周期资源综合管理
2021-08	工信部等五部门	《新能源汽车动力蓄电池梯次利用管理办法》	加强信息共享，利用已有回收渠道，高效回收废旧动力蓄电池用于梯次利用
2020-11	工信部	《新能源汽车废旧动力蓄电池综合利用行业规范条件(2019年》	加强新能源废旧动力蓄电池综合行业规范管理和相关定义，明确新能源资源回收效率的具体数值
2019-11	工信部	《新能源汽车动力蓄电池回收服务网点建设和运营指南》	要求新能源汽车生产及梯次利用等企业建立废旧动力蓄电池回收服务网点，同时指出考虑作业过程中的安全问题
2018-09	工信部	《新能源汽车废旧动力蓄电池综合利用行业规范条件》企业名单(第一批)	公示第一批动力电池综合利用企业名单5家企业
2018-07	工信部	《新能源汽车动力蓄电池回收利用溯源管理暂行规定》	建立溯源管理平台，针对电池产业链的各个环节进行实时监控
2018-03	工信部等七部委	《新能源汽车动力蓄电池回收利用试点实施方案》	推进经济性强、环境友好型的废旧动力蓄电池回收模式，推进回收利用体系建设
2018-01	工信部等七部委	《新能源汽车动力蓄电池回收利用管理暂行办法》	明确相关企业在动力蓄电池回收利用各环节履行相应责任，保障动力蓄电池的有效利用和环保处置

Table 2

Table 3

Fig. 2

Table 4

Fig. 3

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60	国家市场监督管理总局, 国家标准化管理委员会. 废旧电池回收技术规范: GB/T 39224—2020[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2020.
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61	国家市场监督管理总局, 国家标准化管理委员会. 车用动力电池回收利用管理规范第1部分:包装运输: GB/T 38698.1—2020[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2020.
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62	国家市场监督管理总局, 国家标准化管理委员会. 车用动力电池回收利用梯次利用第2部分:拆卸要求: GB/T 34015.2—2020[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2020.
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63	国家市场监督管理总局, 国家标准化管理委员会. 废铅酸蓄电池回收技术规范: GB/T 37281—2019[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2019.
	State Administration of Market Supervision and Administration of the People's Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China. Technical specification for recycling waste lead acid battery: GB/T 37281—2019[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2019.
64	国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 车用动力电池回收利用余能检测: GB/T 34015—2017[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2017.
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65	国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 汽车动力蓄电池编码规则: GB/T 34014—2017[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2017.
	General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China. Coding regulation for automotive traction battery: GB/T 34014—2017[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2017.
66	国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 电动汽车用动力蓄电池产品规格尺寸: GB/T 34013—2017[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2017.
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67	国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 车用动力电池回收利用拆解规范: GB/T 33598—2017[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2017.
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68	国家能源局. 电力储能用锂离子梯次利用动力电池再退役技术条件: DL/T 2316—2021[S]. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 2021.
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69	国家能源局. 电力储能用梯次利用锂离子电池系统技术导则: DL/T 2315—2021[S]. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 2021.
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70	中华人民共和国工业和信息化部. 通信基站梯次利用车用动力电池的技术要求与试验方法第1部分: 磷酸铁锂电池: YD/T 3768.1—2020[S]. 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2020.
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电池状态	应用方式
车上使用阶段：电池容量大于或等于80%	满足电动汽车使用要求，作为正常的车辆能源应用于汽车
车下梯次利用阶段：电池使用容量处于30%～80%	适用于电力储能、低速电动车、微型器械等
车下梯次利用阶段：可用容量衰减至10%～30%	适用于通信基站备用电源、民用照明领域等
回收阶段：可用容量衰减至10%以下	通过绿色回收技术，分选零件及提炼化学成分以及金属元素

标准编号	标准名称	实施日期
GB/T 33598.3—2021	车用动力电池回收利用再生利用第3部分：放电规范^[56]	2022-05-01
GB/T 34015.4—2021	车用动力电池回收利用梯次利用第4部分—梯次利用产品标识^[57]	2022-03-10
GB/T 34015.3—2021	车用动力电池回收利用梯次利用第3部分—梯次利用要求^[58]	2022-03-01
GB/T 39780—2021	资源综合利用企业评价规范^[59]	2021-10-01
GB/T 39224—2020	废旧电池回收技术规范^[60]	2021-06-08
GB/T 38698.1—2020	车用动力电池回收利用管理规范第1部分：包装运输^[61]	2020-10-10
GB/T 34015.2—2020	车用动力电池回收利用梯次利用第2部分：拆卸要求^[62]	2020-10-10
GB/T 37281—2019	废铅酸蓄电池回收技术规范^[63]	2019-11-08
GB/T 34015—2017	车用动力电池回收利用—余能检测^[64]	2018-02-01
GB/T 34014 2017	汽车动力蓄电池编码规则^[65]	2018-02-01
GB/T 34013 2017	电动车用动力蓄电池产品规格尺寸^[66]	2018-02-01
GB/T 33598—2017	车用动力电池回收利用—拆解规范^[67]	2017-12-01
DL/T 2316—2021	电力储能用锂离子梯次利用动力电池再退役技术条件^[68]	2021-10-26
DL/T 2315—2021	电力储能用梯次利用锂离子电池系统技术导则^[69]	2021-10-26
YD/T 3768.1—2020	通信基站梯次利用车用动力电池的技术要求与试验方法第1部分：磷酸铁锂电池^[70]	2020-10-01

时间/年	项目	内容
2022	丰田公司对其电动汽车电池开展回收用于储能系统应用	使用从电动汽车梯次利用电池建造的485 kW/1260 kWh储能系统在日本的电网上运行
2022	大众公司实施ID.3/ID.4电动汽车电池再利用于储能电站的实证研究	由96个MEB单元模块，容量为570 kWh的储能电站，试验电动汽车的旧电池的利用价值
2022	宝马集团与浙江华友循环科技有限公司打造动力电池材料闭环回收与梯次利用的创新合作模式	携手产业链上下游布局动力电池回收、梯次利用，实现动力电池原材料的闭环管路
2021	JT Energy Systems公司开发可再生能源电池储能系统	组件的25 MW电池储能系统中1万个电池模块主要来自AG公司的电动叉车和电动客车
2019	美国香树林国家实验室开发梯次利用电池控制系统	构建的装机容量为100 kW储能系统，以测试其控制系统和硬件解决方案
2015	博士集团、宝马和瓦腾福公司合作的动力电池再利用2 MW/2 MWh大型光伏储能电站	利用宝马Active E和i3纯电动汽车退役的电池验证了梯次利用技术在新能源场景建造的应用技术
2013	东芝公司在东京都港区开展电动巴士退役电池梯次利用实证研究	研究退役电池再利用低功率输出技术，解决报废电池问题
2010	日产汽车和住友商会共同成立4R Energy公司	从事电动车废弃电池的再利用及综合开发

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