Thermal runaway and explosion propagation characteristics of large lithium iron phosphate battery for energy storage station

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0690

Abstract

Abstract:

With the vigorous development of the energy storage industry, the application of electrochemical energy storage continues to expand, and the most typical core is the lithium-ion battery. However, recently, fire and explosion accidents have occurred frequently in electrochemical energy storage power stations, which is a widespread concern in society. The safety of lithium-ion batteries affects the safety of energy storage power stations. Analyzing the thermal runaway behavior and explosion characteristics of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage is the key to effectively prevent and control fire accidents in energy storage power stations. The research object of this study is the commonly used 280 Ah lithium iron phosphate battery in the energy storage industry. Based on the lithium-ion battery thermal runaway and gas production analysis test platforms, the thermal runaway of the battery was triggered by heating, and its heat production, mass loss, and gas production were analyzed. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a hydrogen sensor were further used to measure the gas production component during the thermal runaway. The proportion of H₂ and CO obtained by convolution analysis accounted for 36.8% and 44.2%, respectively. The 1∶1 model of the battery energy storage liquid-cooled tank was established by FLACS software, and the dynamic pressure and flame hazard of gas production from lithium iron phosphate batteries under different conditions were analyzed. The study found that the explosion behavior in the battery energy storage compartment was affected by the position of the pressure relief plate inside the compartment, the opening pressure, and the surrounding obstacles. When the opening pressure of the cabin door increases from 10 to 100 kPa, the peak explosion overpressure increases by 2.15 times. This research can provide a reference for the early warning of lithium-ion battery fire accidents, container structure, and explosion-proof design of energy storage power stations.

Key words: electrochemical energy storage, lithium iron phosphate battery, thermal runaway, explosion of energy storage cabin

CLC Number:

TM 911

Zhixiang CHENG, Wei CAO, Bo HU, Yunfang CHENG, Xin LI, Lihua JIANG, Kaiqiang JIN, Qingsong WANG. Thermal runaway and explosion propagation characteristics of large lithium iron phosphate battery for energy storage station[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(3): 923-933.

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规格	参数
尺寸(长×宽×高)/mm	174×72×204
标称容量/Ah	≥280
标称电压/V	3.2
工作电压/V	2.5～3.65
正极材料	LiFePO₄
负极材料	石墨
质量/g	5403.6±2
荷电状态	100%

模拟组别	舱门开启强度/kPa	进风口	点火位置	泄压板	泄压板开启压力/kPa
第一组	10	有	前端底部(位置1)	有	100
第二组	100	有	前端底部(位置1)	有	100
第三组	100	有	前端中部(位置2)	有	100
第四组	100	无	前端中部(位置2)	有	100
第五组	100	无	前端中部(位置2)	无	10000

组别	t₁/s	T_1.max/℃	t₂/s	T_2.max/℃	t₃/s	T_3.max/℃
第一组	3036	551.4	3087	417.8	3236	452
第二组	2900	534.4	2954	422	3022	463.2

组别	M_min/g	(dM/dt)_min/(g/s)	M_max/g	(dM/dt)_min/(g/s)
第一组	-1351.1	-102.95	38.3	26.6
第二组	-1258	-94.5	55.6	28.45

组别	P_min/Pa	(dP/dt)_min/(Pa/s)	P_max/Pa	(dP/dt)_min/(Pa/s)
第一组	0	-41	400	157
第二组	0	-41	399	156.5