Experimental study on immersion thermal safety performance of lithium-battery module for energy storage

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0464

Abstract

Abstract:

To address the problem of thermal runaway propagation of lithium battery modules for large-scale energy storage, this paper proposed an immersion liquid cooling scheme. The thermal safety performance of 280 Ah lithium battery modules for energy storage under different immersion conditions was experimentally investigated. The propagation properties of thermal runaway under immersion and non-immersion conditions were compared, and the regulation mechanism of immersion cooling on the thermal runaway process of modules was analyzed. The results show that when overcharging triggers the thermal runaway of the intermediate battery, the battery module undergoes thermal runaway propagation under nonimmersed conditions, whereas no propagation occurs under immersion. Increasing the immersion height ratio delays the opening time of the battery and lowers its surface temperature when the thermal runaway is triggered. However, the cooling of the module is accelerated after the thermal runaway, and the risk of thermal runaway propagation is reduced. Under nonimmersion conditions, the maximum temperature of the battery module reaches 635.4 ℃, with a peak temperature rise rate of 17.5 ℃/s and a mass loss rate of 23.26%. At the immersion height ratio of 100%, the maximum temperature decreases to 322.6 ℃, the peak temperature rise rate reduces to 12.3 ℃/s, and the mass loss rate reduces to 3.85%. Additionally, the peak temperature of adjacent batteries remains below 242.6 ℃, effectively suppressing heat spread. Comparing different immersion conditions, it is found that the above thermal runaway characteristic parameters do not change significantly when the immersion height ratio exceeds 100%. These findings provide valuable guidance for the structural design and optimization of submerged lithium battery energy storage systems.

Key words: lithium iron phosphate battery, overcharge behaviors, immersion cooling, thermal runaway propagation

CLC Number:

TM 912

Xuekui ZHANG, Zhendong ZHANG, Lei SHENG, Linxiang FU, Zehua ZHU, Xiaojun ZHANG, Chunfeng ZHANG. Experimental study on immersion thermal safety performance of lithium-battery module for energy storage[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(11): 4321-4329.

Figures/Tables 10

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对象	参数	数值
电池	长×宽×高/mm×mm×mm	173×72×205
	容量/Ah	280
	质量/g	5400±5
	标称电压/V	3.2
	充放电电压/V	2.5~3.65
	比热容/[J/(kg·℃)]	1029
	密度/(kg/m³)	2118
	导热系数/[W/(m·℃)]	X/Y/Z：21.6/21.6/2.1
冷却液	密度/(kg/m³)	782.8
	运动黏度(20 ℃)/(mm²/s)	6.051
	比热容/[J/(kg·℃)]	1970
	导热系数/[W/(m·℃)]	0.1312
	击穿电压/kV 沸点/℃ 闪点(开口)/℃	75
		220
		143