车用电池模组热蔓延防护结构的数值仿真研究

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0514

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文通过数值仿真研究了一种抑制方形电池模组热失控蔓延的防护结构。针对车用50 A·h方形三元锂离子电池，基于锂离子电池电极材料与电解液副反应机理建立单体电池热失控模型。通过与已有研究结果进行对比验证，表明所建立的热失控模型具有较高的精度。基于验证后的单体电池热失控模型，建立了加装导热套筒的电池模组热防护结构。导热套筒底部与微流道冷板连接进行散热，电池之间填充隔热材料，用于阻隔由于电池热失控而导致热量向相邻电池蔓延。研究表明，与无导热套筒配置相比，所提出的方形电池模组热防护结构可以有效阻断电池模组的热蔓延。基于所提出的方形电池模组热防护结构，分析了电池之间绝缘层热阻、导热套筒高度以及导热板高度等因素对相邻电池热蔓延的影响。研究表明：绝缘层热阻达到0.03 m²·K/W以上，相邻电池才不发生热失控。同时考虑到轻量化设计因素，选取导热套筒高度不应高于10 mm以及导热板高度在60～65 mm之间，可用于防护电池模组热蔓延。本文所提出的热防护结构和参数研究为电池包热安全设计提供了参考依据。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热失控, 热蔓延, 微流道, 隔热材料, 参数分析

Abstract:

In this paper, a structure for preventing the thermal spread of prismatic cells is studied via numerical simulation. The thermal runaway model was established for 50 A·h prismatic ternary lithium-ion batteries used in vehicles based on the thermal runaway side reaction mechanism in the electrodes and electrolyte. The model is verified by comparing it to existing research to demonstrate that the established thermal runaway model has high accuracy. Based on the verified single battery thermal runaway model, a battery module thermal protection structure was established in which each battery cell was assembled with a thermal sleeve. The bottom of the thermal sleeve was connected with a minichannel cold plate for heat dissipation. Insulation materials were filled between batteries to prevent heat from spreading to adjacent batteries due to thermal loss. The results show that the proposed thermal protection structure can effectively block the thermal spread of the battery module compared with the configuration without a thermal sleeve. Moreover, the influence of the thermal resistance of the insulation layer, the height of the thermal sleeve, and the height of the thermally conductive plate on the thermal spread of adjacent batteries was analyzed based on the proposed thermal protection structure. The research shows that the thermal resistance of the insulation layer is above 0.03 m²·K/W, and the adjacent #2 battery does not have thermal runaway. In addition, the height of the thermal sleeve should not be higher than 10 mm considering the impact of actual engineering system quality factors, and the height of the thermally conductive plate should be between 60 and 65 mm, which can be used to prevent the thermal spread of the battery module. The thermal protection structure and parameters presented in this paper provide a reference for the thermal safety design of battery packs.

Key words: lithiumion battery, thermal runaway, thermal propagation, mini-channel cooling, heat insulation material, parameter analysis

中图分类号:

TM 911

董远夏, 张恒运, 朱佳俊, 徐晓斌, 朱顺良. 车用电池模组热蔓延防护结构的数值仿真研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(5): 1608-1616.

Yuanxia DONG, Hengyun ZHANG, Jiajun ZHU, Xiaobin XU, Shunliang ZHU. Numerical simulation study on thermal runaway propagation mitigation structure of automotive battery module[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1608-1616.

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材料	密度/(kg/m³)	比热容/[J/(kg·K)]	热导率/[W/(m·K)]	动力黏度/[kg/(m·s)]
电芯	2680	1100	λ_x =1.8，λ_y =λ_z =15.3	—
正极极柱	2719	871	202	—
负极极柱	8978	381	387.6	—
汇流排	2719	871	202	—
气凝胶	200	500	0.016	—
灌封胶	1600	1010	0.65	—
导热套筒	2791	871	155	—
空气	1.225	1006.43	0.0242	1.789×10^-5
水	996.95	4178.5	0.6	9.02×10^-4

符号	参数值	单位	名称
H_SEI	2.57×10⁵	J/kg	SEI膜放热量
H_ne	1.55×10⁵	J/kg	负极与电解液反应放热量
H_pe	3.14×10⁵	J/kg	正极与电解液反应放热量
H_e	1.55×10⁵	J/kg	电解液分解放热量
W_SEI	6.104×10²	kg/m³	SEI膜材料密度
W_ne	6.104×10²	kg/m³	负极与电解液反应材料密度
W_pe	1.438×10³	kg/m³	正极与电解液反应材料密度
W_e	4.069×10²	kg/m³	电解液分解材料密度
a_SEI	1.667×10¹⁵	s^-1	SEI膜频率因子
a_ne	2.5×10¹³	s^-1	负极与电解液反应频率因子
a_pe	6.667×10¹³	s^-1	正极与电解液反应频率因子
a_e	5.14×10²⁵	s^-1	电解液分解频率因子
E_SEI	1.3508×10⁵	J/mol	SEI膜活化能
E_ne	1.3508×10⁵	J/mol	负极与电解液反应活化能
E_pe	1.396×10⁵	J/mol	正极与电解液反应活化能
E_e	2.74×10⁵	J/mol	电解液分解活化能
C_SEI,0	0.15		C_SEI的初始值
C_ne,0	0.75		C_ne的初始值
C_e,0	1		C_e的初始值
z₀	0.033		z的初始值
α₀	0.04		α的初始值

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