基于相变储能介质热泵储电系统的模拟与分析

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0296

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

热泵储电技术具有成本较低、不受地理位置限制、储能密度较高的优点，是目前极具前景的一种新型大规模电能储存技术。传统的热泵储电系统大多以空气作为工作介质，以砂石作为储能介质，一般存在系统体积过大、储能密度较低、循环效率不高等缺点。为了提高这一技术的实用性，提出了一种以氩气为工作流体，利用相变材料作为储能介质替代原有的显热材料的热泵储电系统，建立了一个基于逆向布雷顿循环的10 MW/5 h的热泵储电系统的瞬态数值模型。模拟分析了压缩/膨胀比、孔隙率、等熵效率对系统往返效率、储能密度与功率密度的影响并对比了其与传统热泵的区别，同时评估了系统的经济性。结果表明：该储能系统储能密度可以达到182.5 kWh/m³，相对于显热材料提升了118.5%，往返效率可以达到63.1%，功率密度可以达到175.8 kW/m³。系统单位储能费用大约为768 CNY/kWh，相比于传统的热泵储电系统降低了约12%的初始投资成本。本研究对基于布雷顿循环的热泵储电系统的热力学分析以及经济性分析具有指导价值。

关键词: 热泵储电系统, 相变储能, 热力学分析, 数值模拟

Abstract:

Pumped thermal electricity storage technology has the benefits of low cost, no geographical limitations, and high energy storage density. It is a promising new large-scale electricity storage technology. Typically having drawbacks including excessive system volume, low energy storage density, and low efficiency, most conventional pumped thermal electricity storage systems employ air as the working fluid and stone as the energy storage medium. A pumped thermal electricity storage system, employing argon as the working fluid and PCMs as the energy storage medium instead of sensible heat material, is proposed to enhance the practicability of this technology. A transient numerical model of a 10 MW/5 h Brayton cycle-based pumped thermal storage system is established. With the system's economics being simultaneously examined, the impacts of compression/expansion ratio, porosity, and isentropic efficiency on the system round-trip efficiency, energy storage density, and power density are simulated and examined to compare with the conventional system. Where this study has a guiding value for the thermodynamic and economic analysis of the Brayton cycle-based pumped thermal electricity storage system, its findings demonstrate that the energy storage density of the energy storage system reaches 182.5 kWh/m³, which is 118.5% higher than that of sensible heat materials, the round-trip efficiency reaches 63.1%, and the power density reaches 175.8 kW/m³. The energy storage cost per unit of the system is approximately 768 CNY/kWh, which is 12% cheaper than the conventional system.

Key words: pumped thermal electricity storage, phase change energy storage, thermodynamic analysis, numerical simulation

中图分类号:

TK 02

圣力, 薛新杰, 孛衍君, 赵长颖. 基于相变储能介质热泵储电系统的模拟与分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(11): 3649-3657.

Li SHENG, Xinjie XUE, Yanjun BO, Changying ZHAO. Simulation and analysis of pumped thermal electricity storage system based on phase change energy storage medium[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(11): 3649-3657.

图/表 13

图1

图2

表1

10 MW/5 h热泵储电系统的几何参数及材料热物性"

参数	储热罐	储冷罐
高度H/m	6	6
储能罐直径D/m	4.50	3.20
体积V/m³	95.4	48.3
孔隙率ε	0.6	0.6
入口温度T_{f, in}/℃	477.8	-154.8
初始条件T_{f, out}/℃	25	25
相变胶囊直径d/cm	10	10
胶囊壁厚δ/mm	5	5
质量流量 $m ˙$ /(kg/s)	15	15
压缩比β	10	10
等熵效率η	0.92	0.92
充放电时间t/h	5	5
相变温度T_m/℃	307	-49.5
相变潜热L/(kJ/kg)	172	160
密度 $ρ$ /(kg/m³)	2260	1470
导热系数λ/[W/(m·K)]	0.5	1.09
比热容c_p /[kJ/(kg·K)]	1.10	1.4

表1

表2

验证模型实验的相关参数"

参数	单位	数值
入口温度T_in	K	823
环境温度T_inf	K	293
体积流率G	kg/(m²·s)	0.225
质量流量 $m ˙$	kg/s	0.004
高度H	m	1.2
直径D	m	0.148
孔隙率 $ε$	—	0.4
填充材料直径d	m	0.02
密度ρ_s	kg/m³	2680
比热容c_s	J/(kg·K)	1068
热导率 $λ s$	W/(m·K)	2.5

表2

图 3

图 4

图5

图 6

图7

图 8

图 9

图10

表 3

参考文献 19

1	SINGH H, SAINI R P, SAINI J S. A review on packed bed solar energy storage systems[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010, 14(3): 1059-1069.
2	XUE X J, ZHAO Y, ZHAO C Y. Multi-criteria thermodynamic analysis of pumped-thermal electricity storage with thermal integration and application in electric peak shaving of coal-fired power plant[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 258: doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115502.
3	DESRUES T, RUER J, MARTY P, et al. A thermal energy storage process for large scale electric applications[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2010, 30(5): 425-432.
4	HOWES J. Concept and development of a pumped heat electricity storage device[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2012, 100(2): 493-503.
5	WHITE A J. Loss analysis of thermal reservoirs for electrical energy storage schemes[J]. Applied Energy, 2011, 88(11): 4150-4159.
6	WHITE A J, PARKS G, MARKIDES C N. Thermodynamic analysis of pumped thermal electricity storage[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013, 53(2): 291-298.
7	BENATO A. Performance and cost evaluation of an innovative Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage power system[J]. Energy, 2017, 138: 419-436.
8	WANG L, LIN X P, CHAI L, et al. Cyclic transient behavior of the Joule-Brayton based pumped heat electricity storage: Modeling and analysis[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019, 111: 523-534.
9	GE Y Q, ZHAO Y, ZHAO C Y. Transient simulation and thermodynamic analysis of pumped thermal electricity storage based on packed-bed latent heat/cold stores[J]. Renewable Energy, 2021, 174: 939-951.
10	MCTIGUE J D, WHITE A J, MARKIDES C N. Parametric studies and optimisation of pumped thermal electricity storage[J]. Applied Energy, 2015, 137: 800-811.
11	ORÓ E, DE GRACIA A, CASTELL A, et al. Review on phase change materials (PCMs) for cold thermal energy storage applications[J]. Applied Energy, 2012, 99: 513-533.
12	WOJCIK J, WANG J H. Technical feasibility study of thermal energy storage integration into the conventional power plant cycle[J]. Energies, 2017, 10(2): 205.
13	TUMILOWICZ E, CHAN C L, LI P W, et al. An enthalpy formulation for thermocline with encapsulated PCM thermal storage and benchmark solution using the method of characteristics[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2014, 79: 362-377.
14	DE GRACIA A, CABEZA L F. Numerical simulation of a PCM packed bed system: A review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 69: 1055-1063.
15	MEIER A, WINKLER C, WUILLEMIN D. Experiment for modelling high temperature rock bed storage[J]. Solar Energy Materials, 1991, 24(1/2/3/4): 255-264.
16	MCTIGUE J. Analysis and optimisation of thermal energy storage[D]. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 2016.
17	MAUND J K. Process plant estimating evaluation and control[J]. Engineering and Process Economics, 1976, 1(3): 241-243.
18	TURTON R J. Analysis, Synthesis and Design of Chemical Processes:United States Edition[J]. Prentice-Hall international series in the physical and chemical engineering sciences, 2012, 6: 1104.
19	COUPER J R, PENNEY W R, FAIR J R, et al. Chemical Process Equipment: Selection and Design[M]. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012.

系统	单位储能容量成本/(CNY/kWh)	单位系统功率成本/(CNY/kW)
抽水蓄能	35～660	3900～13200
压缩空气储能	9～350	2650～5300
飞轮储能	6200～35400	1700～2300
铅酸电池	1300～2650	1700～3600
锂离子电池	3500～15900	8000～26500
方法一
热泵储电系统(潜热)	768～792	3846～4000
热泵储电系统(显热)	871～900	4321～4496
方法二
热泵储电系统(潜热)	1602～1681	8246～8475
热泵储电系统(显热)	1725～1760	8626～8801

[1]	唐奡, 严川伟. 液流电池模拟仿真研究现状与展望[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(9): 2866-2878.
[2]	冯国会, 王天雨, 王刚. 封装方式对相变水箱蓄放热性能影响模拟分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2161-2176.
[3]	叶文兰, 赵明, 胡明禹, 田扬. 管束式相变蓄热器的蓄放热性能分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2151-2160.
[4]	李仲博, 汉京晓, 王成成, 杨慧, 杨娜, 尹少武, 王立, 童莉葛, 唐志伟, 丁玉龙. 热化学反应器放热过程模拟及参数影响规律[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2133-2140.
[5]	吴小凌, 周涛, 刘钰照, 杜艳平, 陈会平, 李顺. 基于空气紊流的中空底孔微柱阵列设计及强化散热数值研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(6): 1980-1987.
[6]	甘露雨, 陈汝颂, 潘弘毅, 吴思远, 禹习谦, 李泓. 锂电池安全性多尺度研究策略：实验与模拟方法[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(3): 852-865.
[7]	沈永亮, 张朋威, 刘淑丽. 肋片增强式梯级相变储热系统放热特性的三维数值[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(11): 3558-3565.
[8]	张灿灿, 韩松涛, 吴玉庭, 鹿院卫, 牛俊楠. 硝基熔盐纳米流体在扭曲扁管内流动与换热特性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(11): 3641-3648.
[9]	祁梦瑶, 侯一晨, 陈磊, 杨立军. 新型径向流动全钒液流电池单元数值模拟[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(10): 3209-3220.
[10]	田辉, 华栋, 曼茂立, 刘春哲, 李国君, 张兄文. 板式固体氧化物燃料电池积碳特性的数值研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(1): 291-296.
[11]	张晓光, 潘晓楠, 李金铭, 刘丽, 何燕. 电池排布对锂电池组相变热管理性能的影响[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(1): 127-135.
[12]	刘旭, 杨绪青, 刘展. 一种新型的基于二氧化碳混合物的液体储能系统[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(5): 1806-1814.
[13]	李正, 刘祯, 吴华伟, 谢东升, 钱伟. 涡旋压缩机切向泄漏瞬态流场特性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(5): 1579-1588.
[14]	刘丽辉, 张航, 彭子安, 李杰, 孙小琴. 板式相变储能换热器的性能优化[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(5): 1745-1752.
[15]	林酿志, 李传常. 相变储能材料及其冷链运输应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(3): 1040-1050.