不同规模化机械储能技术在高比例可再生能源电力系统中应用的比较分析

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0867

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对抽水蓄能、压缩空气储能、飞轮储能及重力储能等规模化机械储能技术在高比例可再生能源电力系统中的应用问题，本文首先介绍了这四类机械储能技术的充放电原理，然后从电力系统应用场景需求视角分析比较了它们各自并网方式及电气运行特性的差异及优势。在此基础上，针对四类规模化机械储能各自的技术特点及优势，从多时间尺度分析并指出了它们在电力系统中不同应用场景的适应性，然后通过多维度综合比较不同机械储能的技术优势及经济性，提出了考虑场景适用性和经济性的混合机械储能应用方法。最后，简要介绍了中国的最新机械储能工程案例。本文分析结果可为规模化机械储能的发展及其在高比例可再生能源电力系统中的应用提供重要参考。

关键词: 规模化机械储能, 电气特性, 并网方案, 应用场景, 经济性分析

Abstract:

This study focuses on the application of scaled mechanical energy storage (MES) technologies in power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources. Technologies such as pumped hydro storage (PHS), compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheel energy storage (FES), and gravity energy storage (GES) are analyzed in detail. Based on the technical features and strengths of each type of scaled MES, their application scenarios in power systems are analyzed across various time scales. A comprehensive, multidimensional comparison of the technical performance and economic feasibility of different MES technologies is then performed. Finally, the latest MES engineering cases in China are briefly introduced. The results of this paper provide a valuable reference for developing scaled MES in power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources.

Key words: scaled mechanical energy storage, electrical characteristics, grid connection schemes, application scenarios, economic analysis

中图分类号:

TK 02

王青山, 李妍, 张群, 汪德成. 不同规模化机械储能技术在高比例可再生能源电力系统中应用的比较分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(2): 854-867.

Qingshan WANG, Yan LI, Qun ZHANG, Decheng WANG. A comparative analysis for various scaled mechanical energy storage technologies applied to power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(2): 854-867.

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储能技术	抽水蓄能	压缩空气储能	飞轮储能	重力储能
典型功率/MW	100～2000^[24]	50～300^[22]	0.005～5^[24]	<100^[25]
循环效率/%	70～85^[26]	50～75^[26]	85～95^[26]	80～90^[27]
可放电时间	6～12 h^[28]	4～24 h^[28]	30s～15 min^[24]	2～12 h^[28]
能量密度/(Wh/L)	0.5～1.5^[26]	3～6^[26]	0.45～424^[29]	—
功率密度/(W/L)	0.05～0.3^[16,26]	0.5～2^[26]	40～20000^[29]	—
响应速度	分钟级^[18]	分钟级^[18]	毫秒级^[18]	秒级^[27]
特点	技术最成熟，响应慢，受地理限制	技术发展快，响应较慢	可高频次调节，寿命长，成本高	适应性强，寿命长，安全环保

应用场景		抽水蓄能	压缩空气储能	飞轮储能	重力储能
短时间尺度	频率调节	Y^[45]	Y^[46]	Y^[47]	*
	低频振荡抑制	N	Y^[48]	Y^[49]	N
	平滑新能源出力波动	N	N	Y^[50]	N
	电能质量控制	N	N	Y^[41]	N

中长时间尺度	黑启动	Y^[51]	*	N	*
	削峰填谷	Y^[52]	Y^[53]	N	Y^[54]
	热备用	Y^[55]	Y^[56]	Y^[44]	*
	缓解输配电阻塞	Y^[57]	Y^[57]	N	*

储能技术	单位装机成本/(元/kW)	服役年限或循环寿命	运行维护成本/[元/(kW·a)]	LCOE/(元/kWh)
抽水蓄能	4500～6300^[16]	50～60年^[7]	20～30^[7]	0.21～0.35^[59]
压缩空气储能	6000～9000^[7,16]	30～40年^[7]	20～180^[7]	0.55～0.90^[59]
飞轮储能	1500～2500^[7,16]	百万次^[24]	40～180^[7]	0.95～1.43^[60]
重力储能	7000～25000^[38]	约50年^[61]	—	0.33～0.65^[61]

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