超级电容产业化研究与应用综述

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0522

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

我国能源结构转型背景下，新型电力系统对储能器件“快速响应-高频调节-本质安全”的需求日益凸显，超级电容作为典型功率型储能器件，因高功率密度、长循环寿命、宽温域工作能力及无枝晶生长导致的安全隐患等优势，逐渐受到广泛关注。本文系统综述其技术体系与应用进展。在单体研发方面，从双电层超级电容和混合型超级电容两类型出发，分析其典型现有技术路线与产品性能。在集成应用方面，论述超级电容在风机变桨系统、新能源配储、火储联合调频、独立储能、交通等领域的应用，并简述了如吊机等动力机械动能回收、数据中心后备电源、电力设备等其他场景的应用情况。最后，分析超级电容目前在能量密度、全寿命周期成本、应用场景等方面存在的瓶颈，判断未来研究重点将集中在开发新型材料体系、推动应用场景多元化以及“超级电容+”混合储能模式创新等三方面，需要通过体系与场景创新，以差异化的产品支撑超级电容在新型电力系统建设中更广泛的商业化应用。

关键词: 超级电容, 新型电力系统, 储能系统, 发展趋势

Abstract:

With the transformation of China's energy structure, the demand for energy storage devices with rapid response, high-frequency regulation, and intrinsic safety for the new power systems is increasing. Supercapacitors have attracted considerable attention owing to their advantages as energy storage devices, including their high power density, long cycle life, wide-temperature range of operation, and no safety hazards due to dendrite growth. This review systematically evaluates the technical systems and application progress of supercapacitors. In terms of cell research and development, the typical technical routes and performance of two types of electric double-layer supercapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors are analyzed. In terms of system applications, this review discusses the implementation of supercapacitors in several applications such as wind turbine pitch systems, energy storage in new energy systems, frequency modulation in thermal power plants, independent energy storage systems, and transportation. In addition, this review briefly discusses the use of supercapacitors in other applications such as kinetic energy recovery of power machinery (e.g., cranes), data center backup power systems, and power equipment. Finally, the challenges still facing supercapacitors in energy density, life cycle cost, and application scenarios are analyzed. Future research is discussed, focusing on its prioritization of three areas: developing new material systems, promoting the diversification of application scenarios, and innovating a "supercapacitor+" hybrid energy storage model. Finally, the review discusses the necessity of broadening the commercial application of supercapacitors in new power systems through system and scenario innovation with differentiated products.

Key words: supercapacitors, new power system, energy storage system, development trend

中图分类号:

TB 383

苏新凯, 赵璐璐, 陈彦桥, 王础, 陈换军, 金翼. 超级电容产业化研究与应用综述[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(8): 2994-3003.

Xinkai SU, Lulu ZHAO, Yanqiao CHEN, Chu WANG, Huanjun CHEN, Yi JIN. Review of the research on industrialization and applications of supercapacitors[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(8): 2994-3003.

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产品	体系	电压范围/V	能量密度/(Wh/kg)	功率密度/(W/kg)
A	AC/AC	0~3.0	7~9	20000~30000
B		0~2.7	6~8	12000~15000
C		0~3.0	7~9	20000~30000

产品	体系	电压范围/V	能量密度/(Wh/kg)	功率密度/(W/kg)
A	AC+LiFePO₄/硬碳+石墨	2.5~3.65	60~120	10000~20000
B	AC+锂氧化物/AC+Li₄Ti₅O₁₂	1.5~2.7	80~100	15000~20000
C	AC/硬碳+石墨	2.5~4.0	70~90	10000~20000
D	AC+LiFePO₄/硬碳+软碳	2.4~3.5	40~60	10000~12000
E	AC+锂氧化物/难石墨化碳	2.5~4.2	30~80	10000~20000
F	AC+锂氧化物/难石墨化碳	2.5~4.2	90~130	8000~15000

电厂名称	容量配置
电厂名称	超级电容	锂离子电池
大唐秦岭电厂	10 MW/10 min	10 MW/10 MWh
华能铜川电厂	5 MW/6 min	15 MW/15 MWh
华能阳逻电厂	6 MW/10 min	14 MW/14 MWh
华能罗源电厂	5 MW/5 min	15 MW/7.5 MWh
珠海金湾电厂	4 MW/10 min	16 MW/8 MWh
华能左权电厂	10 MW/6 min	10 MW/10 MWh
华能伊敏电厂	16 MW/10 min	—
华能武汉电厂	6 MW/10 min	14 MW/14 MWh
大唐鲁北电厂	4 MW/30 s	5 MW/5 MWh