锂/钠电池热管理系统中液冷技术研究进展

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0797

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以锂/钠离子电池为主的新型储能技术是可再生清洁能源开发利用以及实现“双碳”目标的重要支撑，但锂/钠离子电池在高度集成性和高功率密度应用场景下的热安全问题值得关注。液冷技术作为增强电池热管理的重要技术成为解决电池热安全问题的关键。本文首先从锂/钠离子电池发展现状和电池热管理需求出发，简要总结了液冷技术的分类（包括冷板式液冷、浸没式液冷和喷淋式液冷），并结合其工作原理讨论了液冷技术中冷却液的蓄热机理；重点针对液冷技术中冷却液的关键性能要求进行详细分析，并系统阐述了六种冷却液（水基冷却液、纳米流体、碳氢化合物及有机硅类、碳氟化合物类、沸腾液体和液态金属）的特点和应用场景；重点探讨了冷板式液冷、浸没式液冷和喷淋式液冷技术的最新研究进展，并对液冷技术在钠离子电池中应用和发展进行展望，旨在为学术界和产业界提供参考。

关键词: 电池热管理, 液冷, 冷却液, 传热

Abstract:

The novel energy storage technologies centered on lithium/sodium-ion batteries serve as a crucial foundation for the development and utilization of renewable clean energy, as well as for achieving the "dual carbon" goals. However, thermal safety concerns in highly integrated and high-power-density applications warrant attention. Liquid cooling technology, as a key technique for enhancing battery thermal management, has become crucial for addressing battery thermal safety issues. This paper started by examining the current state of lithium/sodium-ion battery development and the demands for battery thermal management, briefly summarizing the classifications of liquid cooling technologies (including cold plate, immersion, and spray liquid cooling), and discussed the heat storage mechanism of coolants in liquid cooling systems based on their operating principles; focusing on the critical performance requirements of coolants in liquid cooling technology, and systematically describe the characteristics and application scenarios of six types of coolants: water-based coolants, nanofluids, hydrocarbon and silicone-based coolants, fluorocarbon-based coolants, boiling liquids, and liquid metals; highlights the latest research advancements in cold plate liquid cooling, immersion liquid cooling, and spray liquid cooling technologies, while outlooks the applications and development of liquid cooling in sodium-ion batteries, aiming to provide reference for both academic and industry.

Key words: battery thermal management, liquid cooling, coolant, heat transfer

中图分类号:

TQ 630

梁沁沁, 韩方源, 唐彬, 何金梅, 李建新, 罗宗昌, 喻敏, 蒙莹. 锂/钠电池热管理系统中液冷技术研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0797.

Qinqin LIANG, Fangyuan HAN, Bin Tang, Jinmei HE, Jianxin LI, Zongchang LUO, Min YU, Ying MENG. Research progress on liquid cooling technology in lithium/sodium battery thermal management system[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0797.

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液冷技术	冷却液	技术特点
单相浸没式	基于液体介质的显热传递；冷却液不发生相变	热力学稳定；介质适配性好；能效优化潜力高。
两相浸没式	基于液体介质的相变潜热；冷却液发生“液-气-液”相变	传热效率更高；温度均一性好；低温适用性好。

冷却液种类	特点	典型代表
水基冷却液	成本低、易制备、不易燃，但绝缘性差和易变质	水、水/乙二醇、水/丙二醇
纳米流体	导热性好、热稳定性高，但成本高，流动性差	Al₂O₃/TiO₂/SiO₂-H₂O/乙二醇
碳氢化合物及有机硅	成本低、闪点高，但粘度大、密度大	矿物油、合成油、有机硅油
碳氟化合物	高导热系数、低粘度、不易燃，但价格昂贵，部分有环境污染	氢氟醚、全氟碳
沸腾液体	自调节性、高效节能，但噪声大、易腐蚀	氯氟烃、氢氟醚
液态金属	导热系数高、稳定性好，但价格昂贵、安全隐患大	镓合金、锡合金