熔融碳酸盐燃料电池阴极溶解与防护

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0112

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

熔融碳酸盐燃料电池(MCFC)是一种高效、可持续发电技术，其能源转换效率高、排放净化度高，是一种极具前途的发电技术。但是，由于其高工作温度和熔融碳酸盐电解质的特殊性质，MCFC的发展一直受到阻碍。其中，阴极溶解是一个严重的问题，会导致Ni短路等一系列问题，影响燃料电池的性能和寿命。本文综述了降低熔融碳酸盐燃料电池阴极溶解的策略，简述了近年来从替代材料、涂层改性和添加剂三个方面对阴极溶解的改善研究，探讨了替代NiO材料的方案不完全可行的问题，并提出了使用涂层技术来增强NiO阴极化学性能和降低阴极溶解度的可能性。涂层技术的优缺点也被详细列举，包括溶液浸渍电镀、溶胶-凝胶工艺和原子层沉积等一系列研究进展和性能。此外，本文还探讨了增加电解液碱度和向NiO中添加碱性氧化物来减少阴极溶解的方法，但也指出添加过多氧化物会降低电池性能的风险。综合分析表明，通过开发新型添加剂和涂层技术弥补合金作为阴极材料的性能缺陷，尝试制备新型复合材料等途径，有望获得高性能、低成本的阴极材料，从而实现MCFC的大规模商业化应用。

关键词: 熔融碳酸盐燃料电池, 阴极, 溶解, 涂层, 电解液

Abstract:

The molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) is an efficient and sustainable power generation technology with high energy conversion efficiency and emission purification degree. Despite its immense potential, the development of MCFCs has been hindered owing to their high operating temperature and the unique properties of the molten carbonate electrolyte. Cathode dissolution is a severe issue that can lead to problems, such as Ni short circuits, negatively affecting fuel cell performance and lifespan. This review presents strategies for reducing cathode dissolution in MCFCs. It provides a brief overview of recent research on improving cathode dissolution from three aspects: alternative materials, coating modification, and additives. The review discusses the limitations of alternative NiO material and proposes the potential of coating technology to enhance the cathodic chemical performance of NiO and reduce cathode dissolution. The advantages and disadvantages of coating technology are also detailed, including research advancements and performance evaluations of methods, such as solution impregnation electroplating, sol-gel process, and atomic layer deposition. In addition, the article explores methods for reducing cathode dissolution by increasing the alkalinity of the electrolyte and incorporating alkaline oxides into NiO. However, it also highlights the risk of compromising cell performance by introducing excessive oxides. Overall, the article suggests that by developing new additives, leveraging coating technologies, compensating for the performance deficiencies of alloy cathode materials, and exploring new composite materials and other approaches, it is possible to obtain high-performance, low-cost cathode materials, thereby achieving large-scale commercialization of MCFC.

Key words: molten carbonate fuel cell, cathode, dissolve, coating, electrolyte

中图分类号:

TM 911

李聪, 王桃, 任延杰, 周立波, 陈荐, 陈维. 熔融碳酸盐燃料电池阴极溶解与防护[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(8): 2444-2456.

Cong LI, Tao WANG, Yanjie REN, Libo ZHOU, Jian CHEN, Wei CHEN. Cathodic dissolution and protection of molten carbonate fuel cells[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(8): 2444-2456.

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方法	材料	参考文献	评价/问题
阴极材料替代	LiFeO₂	[21]	电导率和催化活性较差
	LiCoO₂	[20]	高制造成本、低机械强度
	LiFeO₂-LiCoO₂-NiO三元材料	[21]	材料太脆、价格昂贵
在NiO阴极中使用添加剂	Co 20%(摩尔分数)	[17]	电荷转移电阻
	Co 1.5%(摩尔分数)	[71]	低于NiO
	Co₃O₄纳米粉末	[72]
	Ce/Co (9.5 %Co/5 % Ce)	[73]	NiO阴极的孔隙率当量
	ZnO 2%(摩尔分数)	[74]	电荷转移电阻高于NiOZnO在熔体中溶解
NiO阴极涂层	MgO 8%(摩尔分数)	[58]	阴极极化增强
	La 0.3%(质量分数)	[66]	降低电荷转移阻力
	Dy 1%(质量分数)	[67]	需要进一步的电化学测试
	LiMg_0.05Co_0.95O₂	[74]	电导率高于裸NiO阴极
	LiCoO₂，电化学恒电位沉积	[75]	高电荷转移电阻
	5% CoO	[76]	Co颗粒在Ni上的机械溶解
	LiCoO₂PVA辅助溶胶-凝胶法	[26]	与NiO相比提高了电压效率
	电镀LiCoO₂	[31]	与NiO相比提高了电压效率，但需要评估较高压力下的稳定性
	LSC溶胶-凝胶涂层	[34]	较高的阴极过点位需要优化孔隙率
	Gd_0.6Sr_0.4CoO₃	[42]	有前途的涂层材料
	TiO₂原子层沉积	[45]	分析稳定性
	Co₃O₄原子层沉积	[46]
	CeO₂原子层沉积	[47]
	Nb₂O₅原子层沉积	[48]
	镀银	[53]	银成本太高
	金属泡沫载体	[54]	工艺复杂
	LiNiO₂颗粒	[55]
添加剂对碳酸盐熔体的改性	CaCO₃ 9%(摩尔分数)	[63]	添加剂的数量需要控制
	BaCO₃ 9%(摩尔分数)	[63]
	Y₂O₃	[70]	负载下长期性能需要验证
	Gd₂O₃	[77]
	CeO₂	[68]	需研究锂化的控制
	La₂O₃2%	[60]	缺少长期实验
	La	[66]	性能还需要补充
	Dy	[67]

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