废旧电池电解液回收及高值化利用研发进展

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0338

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着技术进步和规模生产效应的呈现，锂离子电池成本快速下降，促使其在诸多领域获得广泛的应用。锂离子电池富含能源金属和战略元素，其使用寿命一般为6～8年，如不对退役后的锂电池进行妥善回收处理，将造成巨大资源浪费和严重环境污染。科研人员已对富含有价金属元素的正极材料的回收开展了相对较多的研究。作为电池四大关键材料之一，电解液富含碳酸酯溶剂和六氟磷酸锂(LiPF₆)，如能将其回收并转化为高值产品将具有重大环保意义及经济效益。本文归纳了已报道的电解液回收技术和工艺，以便有效推动该领域的健康发展，并对其面临的挑战及未来发展趋势进行分析和展望。

关键词: 废旧锂离子电池, 电解液, 有机溶剂, 六氟磷酸锂, 循环再生

Abstract:

Lithium-ion batteries are being extensively used in numerous fields in terms of rapid reduction in production cost, which is primarily due to the technology development and effect of large-scale production. Several spent lithium-ion batteries will be generated, as their service life usually ranges from 6 to 8 years. The spent lithium-ion batteries, which generally contain rich energy metals and strategic elements, should be treated properly to avoid the waste of valuable energy element resources and environmental pollution. The recovery of cathodes that contain rich valuable metal elements has been intensively investigated and well-reviewed. As one of the four major materials of battery, electrolyte contains carbonate solvents and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆) salt. It will be of both environmental protection and economic effectiveness once the spent electrolyte could be recovered and transformed into high-value products. This study will review the developed electrolyte recovery technologies and processes to efficiently improve the healthy development of the lithium-ion battery technique. Furthermore, its challenges and future development trends will also be summarized and prospected.

Key words: spent lithium-ion batteries, electrolyte, organic solvent, lithium hexafluorophosphate, recycling

中图分类号:

TM 911.3

张群斌, 董陶, 李晶晶, 刘艳侠, 张海涛. 废旧电池电解液回收及高值化利用研发进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(9): 2798-2810.

Qunbin ZHANG, Tao DONG, Jingjing LI, Yanxia LIU, Haitao ZHANG. Research progress on the recovery and high-value utilization of spent electrolyte from lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(9): 2798-2810.

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方法	优点	缺点
冷冻法	安全环保，易控制	冷冻电解液分离困难，分离度低，耗能高
机械法	工艺简单，易于工业化	能耗高，电解液中LiPF₆易分解，回收纯度低
溶剂法	能耗低，易控制和分离	有机溶剂有损耗，可能产生新的污染
超临界萃取法	回收率高，原料无毒、廉价	设备要求高，投入成本大

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