基于锂负极的液态金属电池研究进展

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0613

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

液态金属电池由于具有低成本、易于组装和扩容等优点，且在充放电过程中能够有效地避免枝晶生长和电极结构变形等问题，在规模化电网储能领域具有显著优势。本文系统地综述了液体金属电池的工作原理、优缺点、电池材料(包括电极和电解质)的选取原则以及近期液态金属电池电极材料的研究进展，着重介绍了Li‖Te体系、Li‖Bi体系、Li‖Sb体系、Li‖Sb-X(X=Pb，Sn)体系以及Li‖Bi-X(X=Sn，Pb)体系等以金属锂为负极的液态金属电池关键材料体系，重点分析了上述材料体系的电化学储能特性、安全性、循环稳定性以及性能提升策略，并对比分析了上述材料体系在大规模储能应用时存在的优势与不足。此外，综述了Li基液态金属电池在熔盐电解质、高温密封及腐蚀防护、电池热管理等方面存在的问题以及面临的技术难题。最后，展望了液态金属电池正、负极材料的主要发展方向。综合分析表明，基于Li负极的液态金属电池具有低熔点、低成本、高库仑效率以及高放电电压等优点。

关键词: 锂负极, 液态金属电池, 电化学储能, 关键材料

Abstract:

Liquid metal batteries have significant advantages in the field of large-scale power grid energy storage due to their low cost, easy assembly and expansion, and the ability to effectively avoid dendritic growth and electrode structure deformation during the charging and discharging processes. This article provides a systematic overview of the working principle, advantages and disadvantages, selection principles of battery materials (including electrodes and electrolytes), and the recent research progress on the electrode materials for liquid metal batteries, which focuses on introducing key material systems for liquid metal batteries using lithium as the negative electrode, such as the Li‖Te system, Li‖Bi system, Li‖Sb system, Li‖Sb-X (X=Pb, Sn) system, and Li‖Bi X (X=Sn, Pb) system. The electrochemical energy storage properties, safety, cycling stability, and performance improvement strategies of the above material systems were primarily analyzed, and the advantages and disadvantages of the above material systems in large-scale energy storage applications were evaluated and compared. Moreover, the problems and technical challenges faced by Li-based liquid metal batteries in molten salt electrolytes, high-temperature sealing and corrosion protection, and thermal management of batteries were reviewed. Finally, the main development directions of positive and negative electrode materials for liquid metal batteries were prospected. Comprehensive analysis shows that liquid metal batteries based on Li negative electrodes offer several advantages, such as low melting point, low cost, high Coulombic efficiency, and high discharge voltage.

Key words: lithium negative electrode, liquid metal batteries, electrochemical energy storage, key material

中图分类号:

TM 911

曾坤, 郑晓妍, 龚慧玲, 邹博, 陈凯, 晏忠钠. 基于锂负极的液态金属电池研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(1): 299-310.

Kun ZENG, Xiaoyan ZHENG, Huiling GONG, Bo ZOU, Kai CHEN, Zhongna YAN. Research progress in liquid metal batteries based on lithium negative electrodes[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(1): 299-310.

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电极	电解质组成	比例(摩尔比)	熔点/℃	密度/(g/cm³)	电导率/(S/cm)	参考文献
Li	LiCl-KCl	41∶59	353			[24]
	LiCl-LiF	70∶30	501	1.8		[24-25]
	LiF-LiCl-LiI	20∶50∶30	430			[26]
	LiF-LiCl-LiBr	22∶31∶47	443	2.7	3.0	[26]
	LiBr-KBr	60∶40	320			[27-28]
	LiF-LiBr-KBr	3∶63∶34	312			[27-28]
Na	NaF-NaCl-NaI	15∶32∶53	530	2.54	1.7～2.0	[29]
Na	NaOH-NaI	80∶20	220			[30]
Ca	LiCl-NaCl-CaCl₂	38∶27∶35	450	1.85	2.6	[31-32]
Ca	LiCl-NaCl-CaCl₂-BaCl₂	29∶20∶35∶16	390	2.24	1.8	[31]
Zn	ZnCl₂	100	292			[33]
Zn	ZnCl₂-KCl	50∶50	230			[34-36]

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