细水雾对电动汽车火灾抑制效果的数值模拟

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.1171

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

车载锂电池因为机械滥用而发生热失控，综合考虑不同工况下细水雾对电动汽车(EV)火灾的影响，使用火灾动力学模拟软件(FDS)搭建了EV整车火灾模型并进行抑制整车火灾燃烧的数值模拟，探究了EV火灾的发展规律、细水雾设备的最佳工况并分析了最佳工况下对车内温度的抑制情况。研究结果揭示，在缺乏任何防控措施时，EV火灾迅速蔓延，规模显著，其峰值热释放速率(HRR)高达5740 kW，产生的高温、烟雾和火焰对乘客安全构成严重威胁。此外，烟雾生成相比火焰和热释放速率(PHRR)存在时间滞后。通过综合评估细水雾系统在不同工况下对整车火灾PHRR的减缓效果和延迟时间，本文确定了5 L/min的细水雾喷射流量和500 μm直径的雾滴为最佳工况。在此最佳工况下，相较于无防控措施，PHRR的延迟时间延长了16.5 s，PHRR的减缓率达到了23.69%。进一步对比分析了无细水雾系统和在最优细水雾工况下EV火灾车内温度的变化，发现在最优细水雾工况下，车内温度显著降低，达到高温的时间也有所推迟，从而显著提升了其安全性。本文对细水雾在不同工况下对EV火灾的影响进行了深入探讨，为EV火灾的防控提供了科学依据，有助于增强EV火灾情况下的安全性能，降低火灾对人员和财产的潜在损害。

关键词: 电动汽车, 细水雾, 燃烧特性, 火灾防控, 温度蔓延

Abstract:

This study examines mechanical abuse-induced thermal runaway in on-board lithium batteries and evaluates the effects of water mist on the suppression of electric vehicle (EV) fires under different working conditions. We constructed an EV fire model using Fire Dynamics Simulation Software to simulate full-vehicle combustion dynamics and assess the fire suppression strategies. Through numerical simulations, we investigated the development law of EV fire, determined the optimal working conditions for water mist, and analyzed the effect on the interior temperature suppression of the vehicle under optimal conditions. The results reveal that in the absence of any preventive and control measures, EV fires spread rapidly and on a significant scale, with a peak heat release rate (PHRR) of 5740 kW, generating high temperatures, smoke, and flames that pose a serious threat to occupant safety. The smoke generation time lag relative to the flame and heat release rate (HRR) was also determined. Through systematic evaluation of the mitigation effect and delay time of the fine water mist system under different working conditions, this study determined that a fine water mist injection flow rate of 5 L/min and a droplet diameter of 500 μm are optimal working conditions. Under this optimal condition, the delay time of the PHRR was extended by 16.5 s, and the mitigation rate of the PHRR reached 23.69% compared to scenarios without fire prevention and control measures. The comparative analysis of the changes in the interior temperature of the EV fires with no fine-mist system and under the optimal fine-mist condition revealed that the system not only significantly reduced the interior temperature but also delayed the temperature rise time, thus significantly improving safety. This study provides an in-depth discussion of the effects of fine water mist on EV fires under different operating conditions, offering valuable scientific guidance for EV fire prevention and control, enhancing the safety performance of EV fires, and reducing the potential damage of fires to people and property.

Key words: electric vehicle, fine water mist, combustion characteristics, fire prevention and control, temperature spread

中图分类号:

U 492.8⁺3

吴金涛, 周永军, 杨旭, 邓程欣, 韩一铭. 细水雾对电动汽车火灾抑制效果的数值模拟[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(5): 2098-2105.

Jintao WU, Yongjun ZHOU, Xu YANG, Chenxin DENG, Yiming HAN. Numerical simulation of the fire suppression effect of fine water mist on electric vehicles[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(5): 2098-2105.

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参数名称	数值
正常容量/Ah	50
最大放电率/C	1
最大充电率/C	1
充电截止电压/V	4.25
放电截止电压/V	2.5

名称	材料	密度/(kg/m³)	热导率/[W/(m·K)]	点燃温度/℃	燃烧热/(kJ/kg)
车座及内饰	聚氨酯软泡	28	0.05	350	30000
电池	电解液	1290	0.45	102	通过HRR直接设定
轮胎	聚氯乙烯(PVC)	1380	0.16	507	19000
整车外壳	铁合金	1290	0.45	—	—

雾滴直径/μm	喷射流量 /(L/min)	PHRR 延迟的时间/s	PHRR 大小减小程度/%
100	3	8.5	5.92
100	4	12	7.32
100	5	17.5	15.16
300	3	6.5	7.67
300	4	15.5	9.76
300	5	17.5	15.16
500	3	6.5	7.67
500	4	10	16.90
500	5	16.5	23.69

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