储能科学与技术

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过充导致三元锂电池电动汽车火灾的试验研究

彭磊1,2(), 倪照鹏3, 于越4, 孙福鹏4, 夏修龙4, 张鹏4, 孙思博1   

  1. 1.天津泰达消防科技有限公司,天津 300381
    2.天津海泰消防科技中心,天津 300381
    3.中国矿业大学 安全工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
    4.青岛特中和智慧科技有限公司,山东 青岛 266104
  • 收稿日期:2024-09-24 修回日期:2024-10-14
  • 通讯作者: 彭磊 E-mail:11785912@qq.com
  • 基金资助:

Experimental study on NCM lithium-ion battery electric vehicle fire caused by over-charging

Lei PENG1,2(), Zhaopeng NI3, Yue YU4, Fupeng SUN4, Xiulong XIA4, Peng ZHANG4, Zeyang YU1   

  1. 1.Tianjin Taida Fire Technology CO. , Tianjin 300381
    2.Tianjin HiTech Fire Technology Center, Tianjin 300381
    3.School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116
    4.TOUGHRIG Zero Carbon Technology Ltd. , Qingdao 266104
  • Received:2024-09-24 Revised:2024-10-14
  • Contact: Lei PENG E-mail:11785912@qq.com

摘要:

三元锂离子电池作为目前电动汽车的主要能源电池之一,在过充条件下触发热失控可能导致严重的火灾事故。本文采用过充的方式对三元锂电池电动汽车开展实体火灾试验,测量了电池包内部、汽车底盘、汽车表面、车厢内部和四周的温度及汽车周围的辐射热流强度等数据,并采用耗氧原理测量了试验过程中的火灾热释放速率。结果表明:在过充导致三元锂电池发生热失控后,从电池包释放的可燃气体迅速被引燃并形成喷射火焰,火焰喷射的水平距离约4m,火焰迅速引燃汽车轮胎及底盘周围的其他可燃物,火势随后导致车窗玻璃相继破裂,引燃车厢内饰及座椅,整车发生剧烈燃烧。试验车辆着火后的火灾增长速率(α=0.98 kW/s2)远大于超快速火,火灾热释放速率的峰值达到约8MW。距车辆外边缘0.5m和1.0m处的辐射热流强度峰值分别达到60~80kW/m2和30~35kW/m2,可导致周围停靠的车辆着火,引发火灾向相邻车辆的迅速蔓延。

关键词: 电动汽车, 三元锂离子电池, 过充, 热失控, 火灾蔓延, 火灾热释放速率

Abstract:

As currently the main energy battery of electric vehicles, NCM lithium-ion batteries under over-charging conditions might trigger thermal runaway and lead to serious vehicle fire accidents,. In this paper, a fire test of NCM lithium-ion battery electric vehicle was carried out by over-charging the battery. The temperatures inside the battery pack, under the chassis, on the car surface and inside of the car, and the temperatures and radiative heat flux intensities all around the car, were measured during the test. The fire heat release rate was also measured by using the oxygen consumption principle. The results show that right after the thermal runaway of the battery pack, combustible gas released from the battery pack was immediately ignited and formed a jet flame. The horizontal distance of the flame jet was approximately 4m. The flame quickly ignited the vehicle tires and other combustibles around the chassis, and then the fire caused the window glass to break consequently, igniting the interior and seats within the vehicle compartment. The entire vehicle burst into flame violently. The fire growth rate (α = 0.98 kW/s2) of the tested vehicle was much greater than that of an ultra-fast fire (α = 0.1875 kW/s2), and the peak of fire heat release rate was measured to be approximately 8.0 MW. The peak radiative heat flux intensity at 0.5m and 1.0m away from the edge of the vehicle were 60~80 kW/m2 and 30~35 kW/m2, respectively, which might ignite the adjacent vehicles and cause fire to spread.

Key words: electric vehicle, NCM lithium-ion battery, overcharge, thermal runaway, fire spread, heat release rate

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