多孔隔热板对锂离子电池模组热蔓延阻隔效果研究

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0784

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池具有潜在热失控风险，单体热蔓延导致模组甚至整包起火燃烧，造成人员伤亡和财产损失，是当前阻碍电动汽车推广使用的棘手问题。本研究提出了一种多孔隔热板结构设计理念，利用孔内静止空气的低导热特性，作为单体间夹层以阻隔热蔓延。首先，分析了多孔隔热板的两种热量传播途径：固体传热和气体传热，仿真研究了隔热板在不同厚度与不同孔面积占比下的热蔓延特性，并通过试验验证了孔面积占比对热蔓延的延时效果。结果表明：相同厚度下，隔热板的孔面积占比越大，热失控阻隔效果越好；3 mm厚、孔面积占比为42.12%的隔热板，热蔓延时间相比同厚度无孔隔热板可以延长51%；此外，多孔隔热板表现出较高的结构强度，在电池热失控发生鼓包时不易被压溃，阻止相邻单体直接接触传热。多孔隔热板取材容易、结构简单、易于加工，为未来电池模组的结构安全设计提供参考。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热失控蔓延, 隔热板, 多孔结构, 孔占比

Abstract:

Lithium-ion batteries have the potential risk of thermal runaway, and a single heat spread can result in the burning of the module or whole package, causing casualties and loss of property, which is a thorny problem that currently hinders the adoption and use of electric vehicles. In this study, a design concept of a porous thermal insulation boardis proposed. This concept uses the low thermal conductivity of the static air in the hole as a sandwich layer between the monomers to prevent heat spread. First, two heat transmission paths of porous heat insulation plates were analyzed: solid heat transfer and gas heat transfer. The heat propagation characteristics of the heat insulation plate under different thicknesses and different hole area ratios were simulated, and the delayed effect of the hole area ratio on heat propagation was verified by experiments. The results showed that at the same thickness, the larger the hole area ratio of the heat insulation plate, the better the thermal runaway barrier effect. The heat spread time within a 3-mm-thick heat insulation board with a 42.12% hole area was 51% higher than that of a non-porous heat insulation board with the same thickness. In addition, the porous heat insulation plate exhibited high structural strength, which could not easily crushable when the battery thermal runaway occurs, preventing the direct contact of adjacent monomer heat transfer. The materials for manufacturing porous heat insulation plates are readily available, it has a simple structure and is easy to process, thereby offering valuable guidance for the structural safety design of future battery modules.

Key words: lithium-ion batteries, thermal runaway spread, heat insulation board, porous structure, hole area ratio

中图分类号:

TM 911

李和雨, 洪小波, 陈子涵, 阮殿波. 多孔隔热板对锂离子电池模组热蔓延阻隔效果研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(2): 479-487.

Heyu LI, Xiaobo HONG, Zihan CHEN, Dianbo RUAN. The effect of porous heat insulation plate on the heat spread barrier of lithium-ion battery module[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(2): 479-487.

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隔热材料	导热系数/[W/(m·℃)]	熔点/℃
云母	0.17	>1000
气凝胶	0.05	>1000
石蜡	0.15～0.2(随温度变化)	42(相变温度)

模组	材料	导热系数/[W/(m·℃)]	来源
电芯	自定义	λ_x =23.4 λ_y =17.2 λ_z =5.3	厂商
正极	铝	237	材料库
负极	铜	400	材料库
导电排	铜	400	材料库

电池序号	静止空气层间隔/mm				实心云母板厚度/mm
电池序号	1	3	5	10	1	3	5	10
#1	138	178	204	279	88	90	126	242
#3	132	171	194	270	86	96	147	238
#4	442	606	728	—	251	365	411	856

网格数	热蔓延相邻电池时间/s
147340	177
578751	179
857550	180
1132341	180

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