锂离子电池失效分析中的几种物性表征技术及其应用

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0570

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池失效分析是关乎电池研发、老化机制解析及电池梯次利用的重要课题，分析结果的准确性离不开对材料和器件性能参数的准确测试和表征。现有物性表征技术较多，相关测试项目、测试周期、样品制备以及设备普及性的不同导致其使用频率和应用场景有所差异。同时，越来越多的先进表征技术逐渐被应用到锂离子电池的表征分析及机理研究中来，如同步辐射技术、中子衍射、核磁共振等。本文介绍了锂离子电池失效分析中几种使用频率较高和功能较为前沿的物性表征技术，综述了不同技术在锂离子电池材料器件表征分析和失效机制研究中的应用案例，希望能够助力科研人员更好更快地选择合适的表征手段，为锂离子电池失效分析提供更直接有力的数据支撑。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 表征技术, 失效分析

Abstract:

Lithium-ion battery failure analysis is a critical area in battery research and development, aging mechanism studies, and battery cascade utilization. The reliability of analysis results depends on the accurate testing and characterization of materials and device performance parameters. Currently, numerous methods are available for characterizing the physical properties of battery materials and devices. However, variations in test items, test cycles, sample preparation, and equipment popularization influence the frequency and selection of these techniques. For instance, scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction have become fundamental methods for analyzing material morphology and structure. Advanced characterization technologies such as synchrotron radiation, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance are increasingly applied to investigate lithium-ion battery testing and failure research. This study reviews several mainstream and advanced physical characterization methods in lithium-ion battery analysis. In addition, this study highlights the best characterization directions of various technologies based on their working principles to address the specific issues related to failure mechanisms, providing valuable guidance for researchers in selecting the appropriate characterization methods to enhance their analysis and offer stronger evidence for failure analysis.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, characterization techniques, failure analysis

中图分类号:

TQ 152

张建茹, 王其钰, 李庆浩, 张献英, 王碧童, 禹习谦, 李泓. 锂离子电池失效分析中的几种物性表征技术及其应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(1): 286-309.

Jianru ZHANG, Qiyu WANG, Qinghao LI, Xianying ZHANG, Bitong WANG, Xiqian YU, Hong LI. Physical characterization techniques and applications in lithium battery failure analysis[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(1): 286-309.

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技术分类	技术名称	表征范围	对应研究内容	普适性
形貌表征	扫描电子显微镜(SEM)	极片、材料	常规极片/隔膜微观形貌变化	★★★★★
	透射电子显微镜(TEM)	材料	材料形貌、结构、元素变化	★★★★
	扫描探针显微镜(SPM)	极片	形貌、表面功函数等变化	★★★
	光学成像/显微成像	电池、极片	形貌异常表征	★★★★★

表面分析	X射线光电子能谱(XPS)	极片	表面SEI成分、厚度	★★★★
	扫描探针显微镜(SPM)	极片	表面力学、电学性能变化	★★★
	二次离子质谱(SIMS)	极片	表面SEI成分、厚度	★★★
	俄歇电子能谱(AES)	极片	表面成分、价态变化	★★

结构表征	X射线衍射(XRD)	极片、材料	常规材料体相结构变化、相变	★★★★★
	X射线吸收光谱(XAS)	电池、极片、材料	材料体相、表面结构变化精细解析	★★
	拉曼光谱(Ranma)	极片、材料	结构分析	★★★★
	核磁共振扫描(NMR)	极片	析锂分析	★★
	中子衍射(ND)	电池、极片、材料	无损分析、析锂分析	★

成分分析	气相色谱(GC)	电池产气	产气分析	★★★★
	液相色谱(LC)	电解液	电解液成分、杂质分析	★★★★
	离子色谱(IC)	材料	氯离子含量分析	★★★
	质谱(MS)	电解液、极片、材料	电解液成分分析、有机成分分析	★★★
	电感耦合等离子体(ICP)	电解液、极片、材料	元素分析、杂质分析	★★★★★
	微分电化学质谱(DEMS)	极片	产气机理分析	★★★
	红外光谱(IR)	极片、材料、隔膜、电解液	官能团、分子结构	★★★★

无损检测	微米CT	电池、极片	电池内部结构形变	★★★
	纳米CT	材料、极片	材料内部变化	★★
	超声检测(UT)	电池、极片	电池内部产气、析锂	★★

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