Review on heat dissipation methods of lithium-ion power battery for vehicles under service conditions

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0156

Abstract

Abstract:

As the electric vehicle (EV) becomes more popular, the lithium-ion (Li-ion) power cell has become the primary power source for EVs, but thermal safety issues are becoming more prevalent. Based on this, battery cooling methods such as air cooling, liquid cooling, and phase change material cooling are introduced to address the severe thermal problems such as poor safety, unreliable operation, and short cycle life of Li-ion power batteries for EVs under service conditions, particularly at high temperatures. Furthermore, a thermal management system coupled with multi-cooling methods to improve heat dissipation efficiency than a single heat dissipation method is illustrated, which can improve the heat dissipation efficiency and improve the temperature uniformity of the battery. Furthermore, the optimization of air cooling channels, design of liquid cooling structure and analysis of cooling medium, application characteristics of phase change materials, cooling characteristics, and thermal characteristics of heat pipes are summarized in detail in conjunction with the research progress and key technologies of the aforementioned heat dissipation methods. Finally, to address the issues that exist in the current heat dissipation methods of power batteries, the battery thermal management system (BTMS) is proposed by combining it with the car occupant heat comfort, motor cabin heat management, and vehicle thermal environment to form a vehicle heat management system that will serve as a reference for future research on the design and development of BTMS.

Key words: lithium-ion power battery, thermal safety problem, thermal management, cooling method

CLC Number:

U 469.72

Feifei LIU, Rongqing BAO, Xianfu CHENG, Jun LI, Wu QIN, Chaofeng YANG. Review on heat dissipation methods of lithium-ion power battery for vehicles under service conditions[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(6): 2269-2282.

Figures/Tables 12

References 94

1	伍赛特. 混合动力列车的应用前景展望[J]. 交通节能与环保, 2019, 15(4): 117-121.
	WU S T. Prospect of application of hybrid trains[J]. Transport Energy Conservation & Environmental Protection, 2019, 15(4): 117-121.
2	PANCHAL S, DINCER I, AGELIN-CHAAB M, et al. Experimental and theoretical investigations of heat generation rates for a water cooled LiFePO₄ battery[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2016, 101: 1093-1102.
3	RITCHIE A, HOWARD W. Recent developments and likely advances in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 162(2): 809-812.
4	YE Y H, SAW L H, SHI Y X, et al. Numerical analyses on optimizing a heat pipe thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries during fast charging[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015, 86: 281-291.
5	梁新成, 张勉, 黄国钧. 基于BMS的锂离子电池建模方法综述[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2020, 9(6): 1933-1939.
	LIANG X C, ZHANG M, HUANG G J. Review on lithium-ion battery modeling methods based on BMS[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(6): 1933-1939.
6	杜光超, 郑莉莉, 张志超, 等. 圆柱形高镍三元锂离子电池高温热失控实验研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2020, 9(1): 249-256.
	DU G C, ZHENG L L, ZHANG Z C, et al. Experimental study on high temperature thermal runaway of cylindrical high nickel ternary lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(1): 249-256.
7	彭鹏, 孙忆琼, 蒋方明. 钴酸锂电池烤箱热滥用模拟及热行为分析[J]. 化工学报, 2014, 65(2): 647-657.
	PENG P, SUN Y Q, JIANG F M. Numerical simulations and thermal behavior analysis for oven thermal abusing of LiCoO₂ lithium-ion battery[J]. CIESC Journal, 2014, 65(2): 647-657.
8	GEPP M, FILIMON R, KOFFEL S, et al. Advanced thermal management for temperature homogenization in high-power lithium-ion battery systems based on prismatic cells[C]//2015 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), Buzios, Brazil. IEEE, 2015: 1230-1235.
9	BUGRYNIEC P J, DAVIDSON J N, BROWN S F. Computational modelling of thermal runaway propagation potential in lithium iron phosphate battery packs[J]. Energy Reports, 2020, 6: 189-197.
10	宋海申. LiFePO₄/石墨动力电池高温循环失效研究[D]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2013.
	SONG H S. Capacity fading of LiFePO₄/graphite batteries cycled at elevated temperature[D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2013.
11	CARNOVALE A, LI X G. A modeling and experimental study of capacity fade for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy and AI, 2020, 2: doi: 10.1016/j.egyai.2020.100032.
12	KOBAYASHI Y, MIYASHIRO H, YAMAZAKI A, et al. Unexpected capacity fade and recovery mechanism of LiFePO₄/graphite cells for grid operation[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 449: doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227502.
13	GUO Z J, CHEN Z L. High-temperature capacity fading mechanism for LiFePO₄/graphite soft-packed cell without Fe dissolution[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2015, 754: 148-153.
14	王健雁, 廖成龙, 凌泽. 锂离子电池的循环寿命影响因素研究进展[J]. 化工新型材料, 2019, 47(S1): 33-35.
	WANG J Y, LIAO C L, LING Z. Research progress on the factors affecting the cyclic life of lithium ion battery[J]. New Chemical Materials, 2019, 47(S1): 33-35.
15	侯卫国, 郑昆, 蔡国辉, 等. 电动自行车用锂电池-20 ℃循环寿命研究[J]. 电池工业, 2019, 23(5): 227-230.
	HOU W G, ZHENG K, CAI G H, et al. Studying on discharge life of lithium ion battery for electric bicycle at low temperature -20 ℃[J]. Chinese Battery Industry, 2019, 23(5): 227-230.
16	CHEN K, CHEN Y M, LI Z Y, et al. Design of the cell spacings of battery pack in parallel air-cooled battery thermal management system[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2018, 127: 393-401.
17	JIANG Z Y, QU Z G. lithium-ion battery thermal management using heat pipe and phase change material during discharge-charge cycle: A comprehensive numerical study[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 242: 378-392.
18	SAW L H, YE Y H, TAY A A O, et al. Computational fluid dynamic and thermal analysis of lithium-ion battery pack with air cooling[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 177: 783-792.
19	FAN L W, KHODADADI J M, PESARAN A A. A parametric study on thermal management of an air-cooled lithium-ion battery module for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 238: 301-312.
20	YANG W, ZHOU F, ZHOU H B, et al. Thermal performance of axial air cooling system with bionic surface structure for cylindrical lithium-ion battery module[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2020, 161: doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120307.
21	CHEN K, WANG S F, SONG M X, et al. Configuration optimization of battery pack in parallel air-cooled battery thermal management system using an optimization strategy[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 123: 177-186.
22	YANG N X, ZHANG X W, LI G J, et al. Assessment of the forced air-cooling performance for cylindrical lithium-ion battery packs: A comparative analysis between aligned and staggered cell arrangements[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015, 80: 55-65.
23	JIN L W, LEE P S, KONG X X, et al. Ultra-thin minichannel LCP for EV battery thermal management[J]. Applied Energy, 2014, 113: 1786-1794.
24	QIAN Z, LI Y M, RAO Z H. Thermal performance of lithium-ion battery thermal management system by using mini-channel cooling[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2016, 126: 622-631.
25	PANCHAL S, KHASOW R, DINCER I, et al. Thermal design and simulation of mini-channel cold plate for water cooled large sized prismatic lithium-ion battery[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 122: 80-90.
26	LI K, YAN J J, CHEN H D, et al. Water cooling based strategy for lithium ion battery pack dynamic cycling for thermal management system[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 132: 575-585.
27	RAO Z H, QIAN Z, KUANG Y, et al. Thermal performance of liquid cooling based thermal management system for cylindrical lithium-ion battery module with variable contact surface[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 123: 1514-1522.
28	XU Y R, LI X X, LIU X Y, et al. Experiment investigation on a novel composite silica gel plate coupled with liquid-cooling system for square battery thermal management[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 184: doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116217.
29	DUAN X, NATERER G F. Heat transfer in phase change materials for thermal management of electric vehicle battery modules[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2010, 53(23/24): 5176-5182.
30	XIE Y Q, TANG J C, SHI S, et al. Experimental and numerical investigation on integrated thermal management for lithium-ion battery pack with composite phase change materials[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2017, 154: 562-575.
31	IANNICIELLO L, BIWOLÉ P H, ACHARD P. Electric vehicles batteries thermal management systems employing phase change materials[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 378: 383-403.
32	ZOU D Q, LIU X S, HE R J, et al. Preparation of a novel composite phase change material (PCM) and its locally enhanced heat transfer for power battery module[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 180: 1196-1202.
33	CHOUDHARI V G, DHOBLE A S, PANCHAL S. Numerical analysis of different fin structures in phase change material module for battery thermal management system and its optimization[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2020, 163: doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120434.
34	LEI S R, SHI Y, CHEN G Y. A lithium-ion battery-thermal-management design based on phase-change-material thermal storage and spray cooling[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 168: doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114792.
35	JANG J C, RHI S H. Battery thermal management system of future electric vehicles with loop thermosiphon[C]//US-Korea Conference on Science, Technology and Entrepreneurship (UKC), 2010.
36	RAO Z H, WANG S F, WU M C, et al. Experimental investigation on thermal management of electric vehicle battery with heat pipe[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2013, 65: 92-97.
37	WANG Q, JIANG B, XUE Q F, et al. Experimental investigation on EV battery cooling and heating by heat pipes[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015, 88: 54-60.
38	丹聃, 连红奎, 张扬军, 等. 基于平板热管技术的电池热管理系统实验研究[J]. 中国科学: 技术科学, 2019, 49(9): 1023-1030.
	DAN D, LIAN H K, ZHANG Y J, et al. Experimental research on battery thermal management system based on vapor chamber technology[J]. Scientia Sinica (Technologica), 2019, 49(9): 1023-1030.
39	RAO Z H, HUO Y T, LIU X J. Experimental study of an OHP-cooled thermal management system for electric vehicle power battery[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2014, 57: 20-26.
40	金远, 韩甜, 韩鑫, 等. 锂离子电池热管理综述[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2019, 8(S1): 23-30.
	JIN Y, HAN T, HAN X, et al. A review on thermal management techniques for lithium-ion battery[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2019, 8(S1): 23-30.
41	YANG N X, ZHANG X W, LI G J, et al. Assessment of the forced air-cooling performance for cylindrical lithium-ion battery packs: A comparative analysis between aligned and staggered cell arrangements[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015, 80: 55-65.
42	CHEN D F, JIANG J C, KIM G H, et al. Comparison of different cooling methods for lithium ion battery cells[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 94: 846-854.
43	金钰. 车用锂离子动力电池系统强制风冷散热特性研究[D]. 长沙: 湖南大学, 2018.
	JIN Y. Investigation on thermal performance of the forced-air cooling of the lithium ion power battery system for vehicle[D]. Changsha: Hunan University, 2018.
44	汪缤缤, 李素平, 胡绪照. 不同入口方案对圆柱锂离子电池空冷散热的影响[J]. 邵阳学院学报(自然科学版), 2020, 17(4): 55-62.
	WANG B B, LI S P, HU X Z. Effects of different inlet schemes on air cooling of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Shaoyang University (Natural Science Edition), 2020, 17(4): 55-62.
45	宋亚豪. 某款车用锂电池生热特性与电池包仿生散热优化研究[D]. 株洲: 湖南工业大学, 2019.
	SONG Y H. Analysis of thermogenic characteristics of lithium battery and bionic heat dissipation of battery pack in certain vehicle[D]. Zhuzhou: Hunan University of Technology, 2019.
46	PARK H. A design of air flow configuration for cooling lithium ion battery in hybrid electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 239: 30-36.
47	MOHAMMADIAN S K, ZHANG Y W. Thermal management optimization of an air-cooled Li-ion battery module using pin-fin heat sinks for hybrid electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 273: 431-439.
48	MOHAMMADIAN S K, ZHANG Y W. Temperature uniformity improvement of an air-cooled high-power lithium-ion battery using metal and nonmetal foams[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer, 2016, 138(11): doi:10.1115/1.4033811.
49	LEMMON E W, JACOBSEN R T. Viscosity and thermal conductivity equations for nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and air[J]. International Journal of Thermophysics, 2004, 25(1): 21-69.
50	王芳, 夏军. 电动汽车动力电池系统安全分析与设计[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2016: 206-208.
51	GOLUBKOV A W, FUCHS D, WAGNER J, et al. Thermal-runaway experiments on consumer Li-ion batteries with metal-oxide and olivin-type cathodes[J]. RSC Advances, 2014, 4(7): 3633-3642.
52	LI W Q , QU Z G, HE Y L, el al. Experimental study of a passive thermal management[J]. Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011,15(9): 4554-4571.
53	齐晓霞, 王文, 邵力清. 混合动力电动车用电源热管理的技术现状[J]. 电源技术, 2005, 29(3): 178-181.
	QI X X, WANG W, SHAO L Q. Battery cooling issues and solutions in HEVs[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2005, 29(3): 178-181.
54	PATEL J R, RATHOD M K. Recent developments in the passive and hybrid thermal management techniques of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 480: doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228820.
55	冯能莲, 董士康, 李德壮, 等. 蜂巢式液冷电池模块传热特性的试验研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2020, 42(5): 658-664.
	FENG N L, DONG S K, LI D Z, et al. Experiment study on heat transfer characteristics of honeycomb liquid cooled battery module[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2020, 42(5): 658-664.
56	聂磊, 王敏弛, 赵耀, 等. 纯电动汽车冷媒直冷电池热管理系统的实验研究[J]. 制冷学报, 2020, 41(4): 52-58.
	NIE L, WANG M C, ZHAO Y, et al. Experimental study on direct refrigerant battery cooling system for electric vehicle[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2020, 41(4): 52-58.
57	万长东, 任慧中, 鲁春艳, 等. 锂离子动力电池包液冷散热分析与优化[J]. 机床与液压, 2021, 49(4): 160-163.
	WAN C D, REN H Z, LU C Y, et al. Analysis and optimization of liquid cooling heat dissipation for lithium-ion power battery pack[J]. Machine Tool & Hydraulics, 2021, 49(4): 160-163.
58	LAN C J, XU J, QIAO Y, et al. Thermal management for high power lithium-ion battery by minichannel aluminum tubes[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 101: 284-292.
59	HUO Y T, RAO Z H, LIU X J, et al. Investigation of power battery thermal management by using mini-channel cold plate[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 89: 387-395.
60	YANG X H, TAN S C, LIU J. Thermal management of Li-ion battery with liquid metal[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2016, 117: 577-585.
61	ZHAO R, ZHANG S J, GU J J, et al. An experimental study of lithium ion battery thermal management using flexible hydrogel films[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 255: 29-36.
62	邓元望, 张上安, 钟俊夫, 等. 混合动力车用锂电池液体冷却散热器结构设计[J]. 电源技术, 2015, 39(3): 454-457.
	DENG Y W, ZHANG S A, ZHONG J F, et al. Design of radiator for HEV lithium battery pack using liquid cooling[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 39(3): 454-457.
63	施曙东. 膨胀石墨微观结构调控及其与石蜡复合相变储能材料研究[J]. 功能材料, 2018, 49(1): 1064-1070.
	SHI S D. Microstructure adjustment of expanded graphite and its influence on thermal performance of composite paraffin/expanded graphite phase-change material[J]. Journal of Functional Materials, 2018, 49(1): 1064-1070.
64	HÉMERY C V, PRA F, ROBIN J F, et al. Experimental performances of a battery thermal management system using a phase change material[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 270: 349-358.
65	ALRASHDAN A, MAYYAS A T, AL-HALLAJ S. Thermo-mechanical behaviors of the expanded graphite-phase change material matrix used for thermal management of Li-ion battery packs[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2010, 210(1): 174-179.
66	许卓新. 相变储能材料的分类及应用探究[J]. 中国设备工程, 2019(2): 116-117.
	XU Z X. Classification and application of phase change energy storage materials[J]. China Plant Engineering, 2019(2): 116-117.
67	白艳萍, 张玉忠. 相变材料的分类及其应用研究[J]. 科技风, 2015(8): 72.
	BAI Y P, ZHANG Y Z. Research on classification and application of phase change materials[J]. Technology Wind, 2015(8): 72.
68	SAMIMI F, BABAPOOR A, AZIZI M, et al. Thermal management analysis of a Li-ion battery cell using phase change material loaded with carbon fibers[J]. Energy, 2016, 96: 355-371.
69	LI Y T, DU Y X, XU T, et al. Optimization of thermal management system for Li-ion batteries using phase change material[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 131: 766-778.
70	王海民, 王寓非, 胡峰. 石墨-石蜡复合相变材料的圆柱型动力电池组热管理性能[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(1): 210-217.
	WANG H M, WANG Y F, HU F. Thermal management performance of cylindrical power batteries made of graphite paraffin composite phase change materials[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(1): 210-217.
71	SUN Z Q, FAN R J, YAN F, et al. Thermal management of the lithium-ion battery by the composite PCM-Fin structures[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 145: doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118739.
72	LUO X H, GUO Q G, LI X F, et al. Experimental investigation on a novel phase change material composites coupled with graphite film used for thermal management of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Renewable Energy, 2020, 145: 2046-2055.
73	KARIMI G, AZIZI M, BABAPOOR A. Experimental study of a cylindrical lithium ion battery thermal management using phase change material composites[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2016, 8: 168-174.
74	LI W Q, QU Z G, HE Y L, et al. Experimental study of a passive thermal management system for high-powered lithium ion batteries using porous metal foam saturated with phase change materials[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 255: 9-15.
75	NOIE S H. Heat transfer characteristics of a two-phase closed thermosyphon[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2005, 25(4): 495-506.
76	SINGH R, AKBARZADEH A, MOCHIZUKI M. Operational characteristics of a miniature loop heat pipe with flat evaporator[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2008, 47(11): 1504-1515.
77	GRECO A, CAO D P, JIANG X, et al. A theoretical and computational study of lithium-ion battery thermal management for electric vehicles using heat pipes[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 257: 344-355.
78	LIU F F, LAN F C, CHEN J Q. Dynamic thermal characteristics of heat pipe via segmented thermal resistance model for electric vehicle battery cooling[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 321: 57-70.
79	BEHI H, BEHI M, KARIMI D, et al. Heat pipe air-cooled thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries: High power applications[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 183: doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116240.
80	田晟, 肖佳将. 基于正交层次法的锂离子电池热管散热模组数值模拟分析[J]. 化工学报, 2020, 71(8): 3510-3517.
	TIAN S, XIAO J J. Numerical simulation and analysis of lithium-ion battery heat pipe cooling module based on orthogonal analytic hierarchy process[J]. CIESC Journal, 2020, 71(8): 3510-3517.
81	周智程, 魏爱博, 屈健, 等. 管板结构脉动热管冷却动力电池的传热特性[J]. 化工进展, 2020, 39(10): 3916-3925.
	ZHOU Z C, WEI A B, QU J, et al. Heat transfer characteristics of oscillating heat pipe and its application in power battery cooling[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2020, 39(10): 3916-3925.
82	KHANDEKAR S, DOLLINGER N, GROLL M. Understanding operational regimes of closed loop pulsating heat pipes: An experimental study[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2003, 23(6): 707-719.
83	杨世铭, 陶文铨. 传热学[M]. 4版. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2006: 331-332.
	YANG S M, TAO W Q. Heat transfer[M]. 4th edition, Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2006: 331-332.
84	张国庆, 吴忠杰, 饶中浩, 等. 动力电池热管冷却效果实验[J]. 化工进展, 2009, 28(7): 1165-1168, 1174.
	ZHANG G Q, WU Z J, RAO Z H, et al. Experimental invesitigation on heat pipe cooling effect for power battery[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2009, 28(7): 1165-1168, 1174.
85	BAI F F, CHEN M B, SONG W J, et al. Thermal management performances of PCM/water cooling-plate using for lithium-ion battery module based on non-uniform internal heat source[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 126: 17-27.
86	ZHAO J T, RAO Z H, LIU C Z, et al. Experiment study of oscillating heat pipe and phase change materials coupled for thermal energy storage and thermal management[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2016, 99: 252-260.
87	赵佳腾. 相变储能材料/脉动热管耦合传热性能研究[D]. 徐州: 中国矿业大学, 2016.
	ZHAO J T. Investigation on the thermal performance of phase change energy storage material coupled with oscillation heat pipe[D]. Xuzhou: China University of Mining and Technology, 2016.
88	罗孝学, 章学来, 华维三, 等. 一种脉动热管相变蓄放热试验装置的设计[J]. 流体机械, 2017, 45(4): 63-67.
	LUO X X, ZHANG X L, HUA W S, et al. Design of pulsating heat pipe type phase change thermal storage experimental device[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2017, 45(4): 63-67.
89	罗孝学, 章学来, 华维三, 等. 脉动热管相变蓄热器蓄热实验分析[J]. 化工学报, 2017, 68(7): 2722-2729.
	LUO X X, ZHANG X L, HUA W S, et al. Experimental analysis on heat storage of pulsating heat pipe phase change heat accumulator[J]. CIESC Journal, 2017, 68(7): 2722-2729.
90	罗孝学, 章学来, 邹长贞, 等. 脉动热管相变蓄热器放热性能实验分析[J]. 热力发电, 2018, 47(4): 123-130.
	LUO X X, ZHANG X L, ZOU C Z, et al. Experimental analysis on heat release performance of pulsating heat pipe phase change heat accumulator[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2018, 47(4): 123-130.
91	罗孝学, 章学来, 华维三, 等. 应用于相变蓄热的脉动热管换热器在不同倾角下放热性能的试验研究[J]. 流体机械, 2017, 45(7): 62-67.
	LUO X X, ZHANG X L, HUA W S, et al. Experimental study on heat transfer performance of pulsating heat pipe heat exchanger with phase change heat storage at different inclination[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2017, 45(7): 62-67.
92	WANG Y W, PENG P, CAO W J, et al. Experimental study on a novel compact cooling system for cylindrical lithium-ion battery module[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 180: doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115772.
93	CHEN Y T, KANG S W, HUNG Y H, et al. Feasibility study of an aluminum vapor chamber with radial grooved and sintered powders wick structures[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013, 51(1/2): 864-870.
94	AMELI M, AGNEW B, LEUNG P S, et al. A novel method for manufacturing sintered aluminium heat pipes (SAHP)[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013, 52(2): 498-504.

[1]	Jiayu YUAN, Xinguang LI, Wenchao WANG, Chengkuo FU. Simulation of serpentine cooling structure of battery pack considering mass flow [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(7): 2274-2281.
[2]	Xianxi LIU, Anliang SUN, Chuan TIAN. Research on liquid cooling and heat dissipation of lithium-ion battery pack based on bionic wings vein channel cold plate [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(7): 2266-2273.
[3]	Wei KONG, Jingtao JIN, Xipo LU, Yang SUN. Study on cooling performance of lithium ion batteries with symmetrical serpentine channel [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(7): 2258-2265.
[4]	FENG Jinxin, LING Ziye, FANG Xiaoming, ZHANG Zhengguo. Research progress on phase-change emulsions [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(6): 1968-1979.
[5]	Qiaomin KE, Jian GUO, Yiwei WANG, Wenjiong CAO, Man CHEN, Fangming JIANG. The effect of liquid-cooled thermal management on thermal runaway of power battery [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1634-1640.
[6]	Jianglong DU, Yiting LIN, Wenqi YANG, Cheng LIAN, Honglai LIU. Application of simulation in thermal safety design of lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(3): 866-877.
[7]	Zhiguo AN, Xian ZHANG, Hui ZHU, Chunjie ZHANG. Heat dissipation performance of honeycomb-like thermal management system combined CPCM with water cooling for lithium batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(1): 211-220.
[8]	Xiaoguang ZHANG, Xiaonan PAN, Jinming LI, Li LIU, Yan HE. Effect of battery arrangement on the phase change thermal management performance of lithium-ion battery packs [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(1): 127-135.
[9]	Xinlong ZHU, Junyi WANG, Jiashuang PAN, Chuanzhi KANG, Yitao ZOU, Kaijie YANG, Hong SHI. Present situation and development of thermal management system for battery energy storage system [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(1): 107-118.
[10]	Guoliang XU, Yujie ZHANG, Xiaoming HUANG, Rui HE. Thermal design and operation strategy of automotive lithium battery based on critical heat transfer coefficient and intervention time [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(6): 2252-2259.
[11]	Xiaogang WU, Zhihao CUI, Yizhao SUN, Kun ZHANG, Jiuyu DU. Charging strategy and thermal management technology of power battery in high power charging process of electric vehicle [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(6): 2218-2234.
[12]	Juhua HUANG, Qiang CHEN, Ming CAO, Yafang ZHANG, Ziqiang LIU, Jin HU. Thermal management simulation analysis of cylindrical lithium-ion battery pack coupled with phase change material and water-jacketed liquid-cooled structures [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(4): 1423-1431.
[13]	Yinquan HU, Heping LIU. Optimization of efficient thermal management channel for battery pack based on genetic algorithm [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(4): 1446-1453.
[14]	Kuining LI, Cheng HE, Yi XIE, Bin LIU, Shasha DENG. Thermal management of a 48 V pouch lithium-ion battery pack based on high rate discharge condition [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(2): 679-688.
[15]	Junwei LI, Hengyun ZHANG, Xiaoyu WU, Ying WANG. Heat dissipation performance of a power battery module based on thermoelectric cooling [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(6): 1790-1797.