Fig. 1

Comparison of ex-situ solidification and in-situ solidification"

Fig. 2

(a) Preparation of polymer-based electrolytes and solid-state batteries via the casting method; (b) Li-ion transference number of PVDF-LiAlO2 composite polymer-based electrolyte，and (c) electrochemical performances of LiFePO4||Li solid-state batteries with PVDF-LiAlO2 composite polymer-based electrolytes[43]"

Fig. 3

(a) Illustration of the solidification process of the PAN-PEO/LiTFSI polymer-based electrolyte via electrospinning; (b) image of PAN-PEO/LiTFSI polymer-based electrolyte; (c) electrochemical performances of Li||LiFePO4 solid-state batteries with the PAN-PEO/LiTFSI polymer-based electrolyte[45]"

Fig. 4

(a) Involved chemical process for the solidification of ETPTA-based polymer-based electrolyte; (b) images of ETPTA based polymer-based electrolyte; (c) ionic conductivities of ETPTA based polymer-based electrolyte[52]; (d) Illustrating polymer-based electrolytes via ring-opening polymerization of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A, poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidylether and diamino-poly(propylene oxide)[53]"

Fig. 5

(a) Mechanism and involved chemical processes of free radical polymerization[61-63]; (b) Typical monomers using for free radical polymerization"

Fig. 6

(a) Illustration of polymerization process of the VC monomer; (b) electrochemical performances of LiFePO4||Li solid-state batteries with PVC electrolyte[67]; (c) Illustration of preparation of PEGMEA/TEGDA cross-linked polymer-based electrolyte; (d) electrochemical impedance spectra of LiFePO4||Li solid-state batteries prepared by in-situ and ex-situ polymerization; (e) Cycle performances of LiFePO4||Li solid-state batteries prepared by in-situ polymerization[68]"

Fig. 7

Schematic illustration for the in-situ synthesis route of three kinds of ionic liquids containing unsaturated bonds[70]"

Fig. 8

(a) Typical monomers used for cationic polymerization; (b) Steps involved in the cationic addition reaction of the vinyl-based monomer[73]; (c) general mechanism involved in the cationic ring-opening polymerization reaction of the oxetane molecule[76]"

Fig. 9

(a) Involved chemical processes in the polymerization of DOL induced by LiPF6; Electrochemical performance of Li||S cells based on the PDOL-based electrolyte (b) charge-discharge curves, (c) cycle performances[82]; (d) Key materials screening for polymer-based electrolytes; (e) Chemical processes involved in the polymerization of TXE to POM; (f) Electrochemical performances of the Li||NCM811 battery with POM polymer-based electrolyte at different temperatures[84]"

Fig. 10

(a) Typical monomers used for anionic polymerization, and (b) chemical processes involved in anionic polymerization of epoxides initiated by alkali-metal alkoxides[89]"

Fig. 11

(a) Anionic polymer reaction mechanism of cyanoacrylate initiated by Li metal; (b) Ionic conductivities of the poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate)-based electrolyte; Electrochemical performances of poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate)-based electrolyte in the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4||Li battery (c) charge-discharge curves, (d) cycle performance[91]"

Fig. 12

(a) Polymerization process of PVDF-HFP/TEP precursor initiated by LGLZO particles; (b) FTIR curves of the PVDF-HFP/TEP/LGLZO polymer electrolyte; (c) Possible interactions between TEP molecules and LGLZO particles; (d) Polymerization mechanism of the PVDF-HFP-based precursor[96]"