Study on the response characteristics of cylindrical power lithium-ion batteries under impact load

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0274

Abstract

Abstract:

With the rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry, the safety of power lithium-ion batteries—one of the core components of these vehicles—has garnered significant attention. Understanding the mechanical response and thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries under impact load is critical for effectively preventing and managing fire accidents resulting from collisions in new energy vehicles. This article investigates the safety performance of 21700 cylindrical lithium-ion batteries under planar and cylindrical impacts using a custom-built battery impact experimental platform. The study records data on temperature, voltage, and impact load, analyzing how impact height and state of charge (SOC) influence the mechanical response and thermal runaway behavior of the batteries. The results indicate that as SOC of the battery increases, its impact resistance improves; In planar impact experiments, the ultimate strain of the battery is -0.206, and the ultimate impact stress is 13.49 MPa. In cylindrical impact experiments, the ultimate strain of the battery is -0.253, and the ultimate impact stress is 33.58 MPa. The severity of battery thermal runaway is significantly influenced by the shape of the impactor, the impact height, and the battery's SOC. Cylindrical impacts cause more severe damage to the battery, and both increased impact height and higher battery SOC exacerbate the thermal runaway reaction. This study provides valuable data to support the safety design of batteries and the development of fire prevention and control measures for new energy vehicles.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway, battery impact, response characteristics

CLC Number:

TM 911

Shengxian HUANG, Huisheng XU, Qipeng WANG, Lu SONG, Linshuang ZHAO. Study on the response characteristics of cylindrical power lithium-ion batteries under impact load[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(10): 3642-3652.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig. 1

Table 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Table 2

Plane impact experiment of 0% SOC batteries"

高度/cm	$δ 1$ /mm	应变ε	最大冲击荷载/N	冲击应力/MPa	质量变化/g	电压变化/V	最大温升/℃
35	3.03	-0.144	2191.86	2.88	0.00	0.00	0.00
70	3.36	-0.160	5049.00	6.33	-0.02	-0.01	0.00
105	4.01	-0.191	7249.00	8.39	-0.03	-0.03	0.00
140	4.08	-0.194	9821.73	11.28	-0.02	0.02	0.00
175	4.32	-0.206	12049.00	13.49	-0.91	-1.67	28.63
200	5.89	-0.280	13947.37	13.66	-0.95	-2.70	59.08

Table 2

Table 3

Plane impact experiment of different SOC batteries"

高度/cm	SOC/%	$δ 1$ /mm	应变ε	冲击应力/MPa	电压变化/V	最大温升/℃
35	25	1.95	-0.093	3.54	0.00	0.00
	50	1.88	-0.090	3.61	0.00	0.00
	75	1.80	-0.086	3.68	0.00	0.00
	100	1.72	-0.082	3.76	0.00	0.00

70	25	2.68	-0.128	7.03	-0.02	0.00
	50	2.82	-0.134	6.86	0.00	0.00
	75	2.73	-0.130	6.97	-0.01	0.00
	100	2.70	-0.129	7.00	0.00	0.00

105	25	3.21	-0.153	9.28	0.04	0.00
	50	3.11	-0.148	9.42	0.00	0.00
	75	3.05	-0.145	9.50	0.02	0.00
	100	3.15	-0.150	9.36	0.00	0.00

140	25	3.20	-0.152	12.59	0.01	0.00
	50	3.25	-0.155	12.50	0.00	0.00
	75	3.36	-0.160	12.31	-0.02	0.00
	100	3.41	-0.162	12.23	0.00	0.00

175	25	4.12	-0.196	13.78	0.02	0.00
	50	4.15	-0.198	13.73	0.00	0.00
	75	4.06	-0.193	13.87	-0.02	0.00
	100	4.10	-0.195	13.81	0.00	0.00

200	25	5.18	-0.247	14.43	-3.75	59.20
	50	5.23	-0.249	14.37	-3.8	72.60
	75	4.75	-0.226	14.98	-3.97	193.0
	100	4.80	-0.229	14.91	-4.2	238.80

Table 3

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Table 4

Cylindrical impact experiment of 0% SOC batteries"

高度/cm	$δ 2$ /mm	应变ε	最大冲击载荷/N	冲击应力/MPa	质量变化/g	电压变化/V	最大温升/℃
35	3.98	-0.190	3799.00	18.97	0.00	0.00	0.00
70	5.10	-0.243	6353.35	26.61	-0.01	0.00	0.00
105	6.16	-0.293	7875.09	29.40	-0.01	0.00	0.00
140	6.76	-0.322	9197.94	32.71	-0.03	0.00	0.00
175	6.93	-0.330	10300.43	36.20	-0.955	-2.70	62.80
200	7.76	-0.370	11471.86	38.44	-1.05	-2.70	69.65

Table 4

Table 5

Cylindrical impact experiment of different SOC batteries"

高度/cm	SOC/%	$δ 2$ /mm	应变ε	冲击应力/MPa	电压变化/V	最大温升/℃
35	25	3.51	-0.167	20.89	0.00	0.00
	50	3.48	-0.166	21.03	0.00	0.00
	75	3.62	-0.172	20.39	0.00	0.00
	100	3.54	-0.169	20.75	0.00	0.00

70	25	4.70	-0.224	28.12	0.00	0.00
	50	4.63	-0.220	28.42	0.00	0.00
	75	4.41	-0.210	29.41	0.00	0.00
	100	4.20	-0.200	30.48	0.00	0.00

105	25	5.95	-0.283	29.98	0.00	0.00
	50	5.73	-0.273	30.66	0.00	0.00
	75	5.21	-0.248	32.53	0.00	0.00
	100	4.71	-0.224	34.81	0.00	0.00

140	25	5.91	-0.281	35.16	-3.75	463.00
	50	6.42	-0.306	33.58	-3.82	614.20
	75	5.54	-0.264	36.55	-3.97	647.70
	100	5.32	-0.253	37.49	-4.20	722.10

175	25	6.23	-0.297	38.22	-3.75	564.30
	50	6.56	-0.312	37.19	-3.82	638.20
	75	5.64	-0.269	40.48	-3.97	645.60
	100	5.62	-0.268	40.57	-4.20	596.40

200	25	7.21	-0.343	39.60	-3.75	630.50
	50	7.35	-0.350	39.27	-3.82	582.20
	75	6.83	-0.325	40.59	-3.97	712.50
	100	6.78	-0.323	40.74	-4.20	732.40

Table 5

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

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组分	材料	力学特性
集流体	铝箔、铜箔	各向异性、应变硬化、韧性断裂、速率相关性
活性材料	石墨活性材料	压力相关性
隔膜	多孔聚合物	正交各向异性、黏弹塑性、温度相关性
外壳	钢、铝	各向异性、应变硬化、韧性断裂

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