Feasibility analysis of a Carnot battery energy storage system for waste heat recovery of liquid cooling units in data centers

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0555

Abstract

Abstract:

The rapid advancement of next-generation information technology has led to a significant increase in data center construction, which demands continuous power supply and uninterrupted cooling. Concurrently, with the growing adoption of global renewable energy, many countries have introduced peak-valley electricity pricing policies. The current cooling systems in data centers often exhibit suboptimal cooling performance and high energy consumption, making it challenging for these centers to adapt to existing electricity pricing policies. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel combined cooling and power system for data centers by integrating two-phase immersion liquid cooling technology with Carnot battery energy storage technology. To assess the feasibility of this system across different regions, Harbin, Nanjing, and Guangzhou were selected as case study locations. The study compares and analyzes the energy efficiency and economic performance of the proposed system against the immersion cooling system utilizing natural cooling mode throughout the year. Results indicate that the new system reduces the annual electricity cost per kilowatt of data center IT equipment by 235.52 CNY, 245.24 CNY and 281.28 CNY in Harbin, Nanjing, and Guangzhou, respectively. The proposed scheme significantly enhances the power flexibility of data centers while substantially reducing their operational and maintenance costs.

Key words: data center, Carnot battery, free cooling, coefficient of performance, economical efficiency

CLC Number:

TB 657

Yu ZHANG, Minxia LI, Jun LI, Libo YAN, Jiaxing ZHANG, Zhipeng WANG, Hua TIAN. Feasibility analysis of a Carnot battery energy storage system for waste heat recovery of liquid cooling units in data centers[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(11): 3921-3929.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig.1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Thermodynamic model of each pump in the system"

部件	计算公式
泵-A	$W p u m, A = m 1 ⋅ (h 1, i s - h 3) / η p u m, A$
泵-B	$W p u m, B = m 3 ⋅ (h 11, i s - h 10) / η p u m, B$
泵-C	$W p u m, C = m 4 ⋅ (h 16, i s - h 15) / η p u m, C$
泵-D	$W p u m, D = m 4 ⋅ (h 18, i s - h 17) / η p u m, D$

Table 4

Table 5

Thermodynamic model of each heat exchanger in the system"

部件	计算公式
冷凝器-A	$Q c o n, A = m 1 ⋅ (h 2 - h 3)$
冷凝器-B	$Q c o n, B = m 2 ⋅ (h 6 - h 7)$
冷凝器-C	$Q c o n, C = m 3 ⋅ (h 13 - h 14)$
蒸发器-A	$Q e v a, A = m 2 ⋅ (h 9 - h 8)$
蒸发器-B	$Q e v a, B = m 3 ⋅ (h 12 - h 11)$

Table 5

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Table 6

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

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系统部件	自然冷却模式	储能模式	发电模式
压缩机	关	开	关
膨胀机	关	关	开
泵-A	开	开	开
泵-B	关	关	开
泵-C	关	关	开
泵-D	关	开	关
膨胀阀	关	开	关
阀-A	开	关	开
阀-B	关	开	关
阀-C	关	关	开
阀-D	关	开	关

参数	数值	参考文献
热泵循环过热度/℃	5	[20]
热泵循环过冷度/℃	5	[20]
窄点温差/℃	5	[21]
储热温度/℃	100	[21]
储热温升/℃	20	[22]
压缩机等熵效率	0.8	[23]
膨胀机等熵效率	0.85	[23]
泵等熵效率	0.7	[23]

物性	数值
临界温度/℃	165.6
临界压力/bar	35.7
沸点/℃	18.26
安全分类	A1
ODP(臭氧损耗潜值)	0.00034
GWP(全球变暖潜值)	1

峰谷电价时段	哈尔滨	南京	广州
尖峰时段/(元/kWh)	1.3549	—	1.7519
高峰时段/(元/kWh)	1.1358	1.3161	1.4071
平时段/(元/kWh)	0.7605	0.7872	0.8390
低谷时段/(元/kWh)	0.4005	0.3557	0.3360

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