Frequency regulation cooperative control strategy of power grid based on hybrid energy storage of storage battery and variable speed pumped storage

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0475

Abstract

Abstract:

The grid connection of variable-speed pumped storage units can effectively improve the frequency stability of power systems with high levels of renewable energy integration. However, their frequency regulation capability is limited by the slow guide vane movement of hydraulic turbines and the phenomenon of negative power regulation. To further enhance the grid frequency regulation capability, this study addresses the frequency deterioration caused by the restricted adjustment rate of the guide vanes in the variable-speed pumped storage units and the initial negative power regulation during vane operation. Leveraging the fast response of battery energy storage systems, we propose a hybrid energy storage frequency regulation control strategy that coordinates battery energy storage systems with variable-speed pumped storage units. First, a dynamic frequency response model incorporating variable-speed pumped storage units is developed to reveal the influence of the guide vane regulation speed and negative power regulation on frequency characteristics. Subsequently, an adaptive method for setting the frequency regulation coefficients of battery energy storage based on the guide vane opening is introduced. By defining a guide vane operation coefficient, this method links the battery energy storage frequency regulation coefficient to the guide vane opening, enabling the adaptive adjustment of the battery power output according to the degree of vane opening. This ensures a smooth transition of power contributions between the battery energy storage systems and variable-speed pumped storage units during frequency regulation. Finally, a MATLAB/Simulink simulation model, including variable-speed pumped storage units, is developed to validate the effectiveness of the control strategy. The simulation results show that the proposed coordinated control strategy effectively compensates for the low power response of hydraulic turbines, mitigates the negative power regulation caused by guide vane movements, improves the system frequency characteristics, and alleviates the frequency deterioration caused by the integration of renewable energy.

Key words: variable-speed pumped storage units, battery energy storage, guide vane control, power undershoot, coordinated control

CLC Number:

TM 612

Shicun LI, Jiahong XIE, Haobin LIU, Chuanzhou ZHONG, Xinyang TANG, Qiujie WANG. Frequency regulation cooperative control strategy of power grid based on hybrid energy storage of storage battery and variable speed pumped storage[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(11): 4277-4288.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Table 1

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

Table 2

References 22

[1]	叶林, 王凯丰, 赖业宁, 等. 低惯量下电力系统频率特性分析及电池储能调频控制策略综述[J]. 电网技术, 2023, 47(2): 446-464. DOI: 10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2022.1269.
	YE L, WANG K F, LAI Y N, et al. Review of frequency characteristics analysis and battery energy storage frequency regulation control strategies in power system under low inertia level[J]. Power System Technology, 2023, 47(2): 446-464. DOI: 10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2022.1269.
[2]	张振宇, 张钢, 栗龙轩, 等. 参与一次调频的新能源发电并网系统振荡机理分析与参数优化配置[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2025, 59(3): 124-134.
	ZHANG Z Y, ZHANG G, LI L X, et al. Analysis of oscillation mechanism and parameter optimization configuration for new energy power generation grid-connected system participating in primary frequency modulation[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2025, 59(3): 124-134.
[3]	罗胤, 常玉红, 赵颖, 等. 计及电网频率稳定的抽水蓄能电站控制策略研究[J]. 智慧电力, 2022, 50(11): 97-103, 118.
	LUO Y, CHANG Y H, ZHAO Y, et al. Control policy of pumped storage power station based on power grid frequency stability[J]. Smart Power, 2022, 50(11): 97-103, 118.
[4]	丁理杰, 史华勃, 陈刚, 等. 全功率变速抽水蓄能机组控制策略与调节特性[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2024, 44(3): 166-171, 179. DOI: 10. 16081/j.epae.202306015.
	DING L J, SHI H B, CHEN G, et al. Control strategy and regulation characteristics of variable speed pumped storage unit with full-size converter[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2024, 44(3): 166-171, 179. DOI: 10.16081/j.epae.202306015.
[5]	陈亚红, 邓长虹, 武荷月, 等. 发电工况可变速抽蓄机组模式切换过程多阶段柔性协调控制[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2021, 41(15): 5258-5274. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.201545.
	CHEN Y H, DENG C H, WU H Y, et al. Multi-stage soft coordinated control of variable speed pumped storage unit in the process of mode conversion under the generation condition[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(15): 5258-5274. DOI: 10. 13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.201545.
[6]	SHI L J, LAO W J, WU F, et al. Frequency regulation control and parameter optimization of doubly-fed induction machine pumped storage hydro unit[J]. IEEE Access, 2022, 10: 102586-102598.
[7]	马小亮. 变频器新应用——变速抽水蓄能水电机组[J]. 电气传动, 2022, 52(2): 3-10. DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd23529.
	MA X L. New applications of frequency converters-Variable speed pumped-storage hydropower facilities[J]. Electric Drive, 2022, 52(2): 3-10. DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd23529.
[8]	ZHAO G P, ZHANG Y X, LI Z, et al. Research on control strategy of full-size converter-based variable speed pumped storage unit in power generation condition[J]. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2021, 31(11): e13114. DOI: 10.1002/2050-7038.13114.
[9]	李辉, 黄樟坚, 刘海涛, 等. 交流励磁抽水蓄能机组快速功率响应控制策略[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2017, 37(11): 156-161, 175. DOI: 10. 16081/j.issn.1006-6047.2017.11.025.
	LI H, HUANG Z J, LIU H T, et al. Control strategy of rapid power response for AC excited pump storage unit[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2017, 37(11): 156-161, 175. DOI: 10. 16081/j.issn.1006-6047.2017.11.025.
[10]	井浩然, 李佳, 赵红生, 等. 双馈变速抽水蓄能全工况转换过程建模与仿真[J]. 电力建设, 2023, 44(10): 41-50.
	JING H R, LI J, ZHAO H S, et al. Modeling and simulation of operating condition conversion of doubly-fed variable speed pumped storage[J]. Electric Power Construction, 2023, 44(10): 41-50.
[11]	李智, 王德林, 周鑫, 等. 风水互补主导一次调频的旋转备用优化配置[J]. 电工技术, 2020(14): 7-12, 15. DOI: 10.19768/j.cnki.dgjs. 2020. 14.004.
	LI Z, WANG D L, ZHOU X, et al. Spinning reserve optimizing dispatch of primary frequency regulation dominated by wind power and hydropower complementation[J]. Electric Engineering, 2020(14): 7-12, 15. DOI: 10.19768/j.cnki.dgjs.2020.14.004.
[12]	朱博, 束洪春, 吴水军, 等. 风电调频补偿水锤效应的频率特性分析[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2023, 51(2): 65-76. DOI: 10.19783/j.cnki. pspc.220534.
	ZHU B, SHU H C, WU S J, et al. Analysis of frequency characteristics of water hammer effect compensated by wind power frequency modulation[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2023, 51(2): 65-76. DOI: 10.19783/j.cnki.pspc.220534.
[13]	祁伟, 沈勇, 苏海鹏, 等. 运行控制对水锤效应及调频能力的影响[J]. 水电能源科学, 2020, 38(9): 179-183. DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2020.09.045.
	QI W, SHEN Y, SU H P, et al. Impact of operation control on water hammer effect and frequency modulation ability[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2020, 38(9): 179-183. DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki. 1000-7709.2020.09.045.
[14]	张建新, 刘春晓, 陈亦平, 等. 异步联网方式下云南电网超低频振荡的抑制措施与试验[J]. 南方电网技术, 2016, 10(7): 35-39. DOI: 10. 13648/j.cnki.issn1674-0629.2016.07.007.
	ZHANG J X, LIU C X, CHEN Y P, et al. Countermeasures and experiments on ultra-low frequency oscillation of Yunnan power grid in asynchronous interconnection mode[J]. Southern Power System Technology, 2016, 10(7): 35-39. DOI: 10.13648/j.cnki.issn1674-0629.2016.07.007.
[15]	谢小荣, 马宁嘉, 刘威, 等. 新型电力系统中储能应用功能的综述与展望[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43(1): 158-169. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.220025.
	XIE X R, MA N J, LIU W, et al. Functions of energy storage in renewable energy dominated power systems: Review and prospect[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43(1): 158-169. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.220025.
[16]	郭强, 陈崇德, 胡阳, 等. 飞轮和锂电池储能联合光伏发电一次调频控制[J]. 电力系统及其自动化学报, 2023, 35(11): 1-9. DOI: 10. 19635/j.cnki.csu-epsa.001208.
	GUO Q, CHEN C D, HU Y, et al. Flywheel and lithium battery energy storage combined with photovoltaic power generation participating in primary frequency regulation control[J]. Proceedings of the CSU-EPSA, 2023, 35(11): 1-9. DOI: 10.19635/j.cnki.csu-epsa.001208.
[17]	孙鹏, 蔡勇, 万黎, 等. 基于混合储能的风电场一次调频控制[J]. 电网与清洁能源, 2016, 32(2): 133-139.
	SUN P, CAI Y, WAN L, et al. Wind farms' primary frequency regulation control based on the hybrid energy storage system[J]. Power System and Clean Energy, 2016, 32(2): 133-139.
[18]	LIANG J Q, HARLEY R G. Pumped storage hydro-plant models for system transient and long-term dynamic studies[C]// IEEE PES General Meeting. IEEE, 2010: 1-8. DOI: 10.1109/PES. 2010.5589330.
[19]	杨正文. 全功率变速恒频抽蓄机组VSG控制策略研究[D]. 北京: 北京交通大学, 2021. DOI: 10.26944/d.cnki.gbfju.2021.001898.
	YANG Z W. Research on VSG control strategy of full power variable speed constant frequency pumping and storage unit[D]. Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University, 2021. DOI: 10.26944/d.cnki.gbfju.2021.001898.
[20]	饶成骄, 郭成, 马宁宁, 等. 考虑水轮机水锤效应的电网频率变化的解析方法[J]. 电网技术, 2018, 42(6): 1892-1898. DOI: 10.13335/j. 1000-3673.pst.2017.1732.
	RAO C J, GUO C, MA N N, et al. Analytical method of power grid frequency change considering water hammer effect of turbine[J]. Power System Technology, 2018, 42(6): 1892-1898. DOI: 10. 13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2017.1732.
[21]	黄际元, 李欣然, 曹一家, 等. 面向电网调频应用的电池储能电源仿真模型[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2015, 39(18): 20-24, 74.
	HUANG J Y, LI X R, CAO Y J, et al. Battery energy storage power supply simulation model for power grid frequency regulation[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2015, 39(18): 20-24, 74.
[22]	王奕宁, 向往, 张浩博, 等. 构网型直驱风力发电机组比例优化配置分析[J]. 电网技术, 2025, 49(2): 490-500. DOI: 10.13335/j.1000-3673. pst.2023.1950.
	WANG Y N, XIANG W, ZHANG H B, et al. Analysis of optimal proportion configuration of grid forming direct drive wind turbine[J]. Power System Technology, 2025, 49(2): 490-500. DOI: 10. 13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2023.1950.

模块	参数名称	参数取值
同步机	额定功率S_G	400 MW
	额定电压U_G	20 kV
	惯性常数H	6.5 s
	调差系数R_p	0.05
	控制增益K_p	2.5

风力发电机	单台额定功率S_WF	1.5 MW
	额定电压U_WF	575 V
	风电场W1风机台数	50台
	风电场W2风机台数	50台

蓄电池储能	额定容量S_bess	1 MWh
	额定功率	5 MW
	额定电压	730 V

变速抽水蓄能机组	额定功率S_v	150 MW
	额定电压U_v	15 kV
	水锤惯性时间常数T_w	0.5
	接力器时间常数T_y	0.2
	调速器比例系数K_p	2.2
	调速器积分系数K_i	0.4
	调速器微分系数K_d	0.45

渗透率	控制策略	频率最低点/Hz	频率稳态点/Hz
10%	本研究控制	49.82	49.91
	传统控制	49.80	49.88
	无控制	49.77	49.87

20%	本研究控制	49.65	49.79
	传统控制	49.59	49.76
	无控制	49.57	49.73

30%	本研究控制	49.37	49.60
	传统控制	49.21	49.56
	无控制	49.26	49.51