Energy Storage Science and Technology
Haotian YAO1(
), Shanzhi DONG1, Yang HAO2, Qinsi SHAO1, Yang LIU1(), Yufeng ZHAO1, Jiujun ZHANG1,3
Received:2025-07-24
Revised:2025-08-25
Contact:
Yang LIU
E-mail:yht844676278@shu.edu.cn;yangliu45@shu.edu.cn
CLC Number:
Haotian YAO, Shanzhi DONG, Yang HAO, Qinsi SHAO, Yang LIU, Yufeng ZHAO, Jiujun ZHANG. Research progress on material and structural optimization of solid oxide electrolyzer cells[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0680.
Tab. 1
Comparison of various electrolysis water hydrogen production technologies"
| 项目 | 碱性电解水（ALK） | 质子交换膜（PEM） | 阴离子交换膜（AEM） | 固体氧化物电解池（SOEC） |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 电解质 | 20%~30% KOH/NaOH | 固体聚合物电解质（SPE） | 含1mol·L-1 KOH/NaOH二乙烯基苯（DVB）聚合物 | 氧化钇稳定的氧化锆（YSZ） |
| 电流密度/A·cm-2 | 0.2-0.5 | 1.0-3.0 | 0.8-2.5 | 0.3-2.0 |
| 电压/V | 1.4-3.0 | 1.4-2.5 | 1.4-2.0 | 1.0-1.5 |
| 工作温度/℃ | 70~90 | 50~90 | 50~90 | 700~850 |
| 阴极催化剂 | Ni | Pt/C | Ni | Ni/YSZ |
| 阳极催化剂 | Ni | IrO2 | Ni/NiFeCo | LSM/LSCF |
| 电解效率 | 59~70% | 65~82% | 60~75% | 85~100% |
| 能耗率（标准条件，kW·h·m-3） | 4.2-5.9 | 4.2-4.6 | 4.2-4.6 | ＞3 |
| 环保性 | 碱液、石棉隔膜污染 | 无污染 | 无污染 | 无污染 |
| 启停速度 | 启动时间长 | 秒级相应 | 分钟级相应 | 启动时间长 |
| 优势 | 技术成熟，成本低，适合大规模制氢项目 | 效率高，氢气纯度高（>99.99%），适合车规级氢能及加氢站场景 | 成本低（非贵金属催化剂），潜在效率高，结合ALK的经济性和PEM的灵活性 | 理论效率最高，余热利用可提升系统效率至85%以上，可逆运行（氢储能） |
| 不足 | 效率较低，废液处理成本，不适合波动性电源 | 贵金属依赖导致成本高，膜电极寿命需提升 | 膜和电极材料耐久性不足，技术未成熟，商业化进程缓慢 | 商业化程度低 |
Fig. 1
Principle schematic diagram of the SOEC water electrolysis"
Fig. 2
SOECs with the different electrolyte charge carriers"
Fig. 3
Schematic diagrams of SOECs with different types of support"
Fig. 4
Crystal structure schematic diagram, (a) Single perovskite, (b) Double perovskite, (c) R-P type perovskite"
Tab. 2
Characteristics of different Oxygen electrode materials"
| 电池/电解池氧电极材料 | 燃料 | 温度/℃ | 电压/V | 电流密度/(A·cm-2） | 稳定性 | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LSCF-GDC@YSZ | 90%CO2-10%CO | 800 | 1.5 | 1.26 | 220 h（800 ℃、-0.20 A·cm-2） | [ |
| PBCFN-SDC | 3%H2O-97% H2 | 850 | 1.3 | 0.65 | 10 h（850℃、1.3V） | [ |
| LSM/LSM-YSZ | 60%H2O-40%CO2 | 750 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 256 h（750℃、1V） | [ |
| BCCF | 20%H2O | 650 | 1.3 | 2.73 | 100 h（650℃、 0.3 A·cm-2） | [ |
| LSGM/SSZ | 50%H2O-50%H2 | 800 | 1.3 | 1.15 | 100 h（在1023 K和10%H2O-90%H2时，SOFC模式1.2 V和SOEC模式0.85 V之间循环运行 | [ |
| PBCO-1.5 | CO2 | 800 | 1.6 | 2.29 | 600 h | [ |
| BLF-GDC | 50%H2-50% H2O | 800 | 1.5 | 2.42 | 200 h（2.30 A·cm-2、800℃ 40%H2O-10%CO2-50%H2） | [ |
| 50%H2-50%CO2 | 800 | 1.5 | 1.53 | |||
| 40%H2O-10% CO2-50% H2 | 800 | 1.5 | 2.08 | |||
| PNCO-LSC | 90%空气-8%CO2-2%H2 | 800 | 1.5 | 0.917 | 100 h（800℃和0.4 A·cm-2） | [ |
| PBC | CO2 | 800 | 2.0 | 3.40 | 200 h（1.2 V） | [ |
| PBSCF@BZCYYb | 20%H2O-80%空气 | 650 | 1.3 | 0.7754 | 60 h | [ |
| RP-LSCFNMC | 60%H2O | 800 | 1.3 | 2.10 | 120 h（750℃、1.3V、60%H2O） | [ |
| LCFC | 50%H2O-50%H2 | 800 | 1.5 | 2.89 | 140 h（SOFC和SOEC模式运行） | [ |
| CCO-1.5 | 50%H2O、H2和Ar混合气 | 800 | 1.5 | 2.451 | 100 h | [ |
| CCO-3 | 800 | 1.5 | 1.101 | - |
Fig. 5
SEM images of anode surface (a) and cross section (b) and the sandwich-structure of SOFC (c)."
Fig. 6
(a) Synthesized schematic diagram of dendritic microchannel, (b) SEM image of dendritic microchannel structure"
Fig. 7
(a) Schematic diagram of steam electrolysis based on the finger-like pores, (b) SEM image of the cross-section of the porous SOEC"
Fig. 8
(a) The micro-structure of BC-SOEC, (b-c) SEM image of radial cross-section of biomimetic YSZ, (d) SEM image of the channel of biomimetic YSZ support."
Tab. 3
Characteristics of different materials for fuel electrode"
| 电池/电解池燃料电极材料 | 燃料 | 温度/℃ | 电压/V | 电流密度/(A·cm-2） | 稳定性 | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LSCFF | 50%CO-50%CO2 | 800 | 1.5 | 1.09 | - | [ |
| LSCFF95 | 1.28 | 6 h（800℃和 1.6 A·cm-2） | ||||
| Ni@SFTCMMN | CO2 | 800 | 1.5 | 1.91 | 160 h（800℃和 1.2 V） | [ |
| SFCM | 50%CO2-50%CO | 850 | 1.4 | 2.12 | 20 h（800℃和 0.4 A·cm-2） | [ |
| 45%CO2-45%H2O-10%H2 | 800 | 1.5 | 2.30 | 50 h（1 A·cm-2） | ||
| Pr(Ca)Fe(Ni)O3-Ca2Fe2O5 | CO2 | 800 | 1.5 | 0.76 | 300 h（800℃和 0.3 A·cm-2） | [ |
| LSFMCa0.3 | CO2 | 800 | 1.5 | 1.891 | - | [ |
| MFCC20 | 55% H2O/Ar | 800 | 1.3 | 0.48 | 150 h（800℃、1.3 V、55% H2O/Ar） | [ |
| MFCC5 | 55% H2O/Ar | 800 | 1.3 | 0.60 | ||
| LSFM0.05 | CO2 | 800 | 1.5 | 1.06 | 30 h（800℃、 1.2 V ） | [ |
| LCF64-GDC （6：4） | 60% H2O/H2 | 850 | 1.3 | 0.702 | 60 h（750℃、60% H2O-H2、1.3V） | [ |
| LSFW-GDC | CO2 | 800 | 1.5 | 1.48 | 50 h（800℃和1.2 V） | [ |
| LSFTi91 | CO2 | 800 | 1.5 | 1.11 | 10 h（800℃和1.2 V） | [ |
| PCFN95 | CO2 | 800 | 1.5 | 1.76 | 100 h（800℃和 0.5 A·cm-2） | [ |
| LCTNi-Ce | 50% CO2-50% H2 | 800 | 1.3 | 0.557 | - | [ |
| 50% CO2-50% CO | 800 | 1.3 | 0.429 | - | ||
| R-PB95FN | CO2 | 800 | 1.5 | 1.093 | 100 h（800℃和1.5 V） | [ |
Tab. 4
Characteristics of SOECs with different structure"
| 电池/电解池 | 燃料 | 温度/℃ | 电压/V | 电流密度/(A·cm-2） | 孔隙率 | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NiO-YSZ//YSZ//GDC/BSCF-GDC | 50%H2O | 800 | 1.5 | 4.30 | 60.53%/燃料电极 | [ |
| Ni-YSZ//YSZ//YSZ-LSC | - | 800 | - | 3.40 | 27%/氧电极 | [ |
| Ni-YSZ/Ni-YSZ//YSZ//GDC/ | 90%H2O- 10%H2 | 750 | 1.3 | 1.86 | 48%/燃料电极 | [ |
| Ni-YSZ//YSZ//YSZ-LSM | 50%H2O-50%H2 | 750 | 1.3 | 1.42 | 57.5%/燃料电极 | [ |
| Ni-YSZ//GDC/YSZ//LSF-GDC | 50%CO2/ H2 | 800 | 1.7 | 1.91 | 52.3%/氧电极 | [ |
| GDC10/GDC10//ScSZ//GDC10/LSM20 | 81% CO2-10% CO-9%N2 | 850 | 1.5 | 0.72 | - | [ |
| LSCrF-YSZ//YSZ//LSM-YSZ | CO2 | 800 | 1.5 | 1.02 | - | [ |
| NiO-YSZ /NiO-YSZ//YSZ/GDC//LSCF-GDC | 30%CO2-70%CO | 750 | 1.5 | 1.12 | 51%/燃料电极 | [ |
| NiO-YSZ/CFL//YSZ/GDC//LSCF-HP | 10%CO2/H2 | 800 | 1.7 | 1.78 | 34.6%/CFL | [ |
| NiO-YSZ//YSZ//GDC/SFM-GDC | 3% H2O-air | 800 | 1070 mW·cm-2 | 59.5%/负极 | [ | |
| Ni-YSZ//YSZ//LSM-YSZ | 50%H2 | 800 | 253 mW·cm-2 | 46.9%/负极 | [ | |
Fig. 9
(a) Simulation diagram of fuel electrode, (b) distribution diagrams of gas velocity in the flow field"
Fig. 10
(a) Geometric structure diagrams of three traditional flow fields, (b) comparison between traditional flow fields and porous flow fields."
Fig. 11
4 flow field configuration, (a) parallel flow field, (b) cross flow field, (c) rotating L-shaped flow field, (d) sinuous flow field."
Fig. 12
Schematic diagram of gas flow configuration of SOEC: (a) co-flow and counter-flow; (b) cross-flow"
Fig. 13
Design drawing of 30 kW SOEC by KAERI"
Fig. 14
Schematic of rSOC-TES, (a) fuel cell, (b) electrolysis cell"
Fig. 15
Thermal management controller for dynamic operation of SOEC system"
Fig. 16
Model diagrams of SOEC with and without PCM"
Fig. 17
Schematic diagram of the co-electrolysis working principle of oxygen ion conducting SOEC"
Fig. 18
(a) Experimental and chemical equilibrium coelectrolysis model results, (b) effect of varying chemical equilibrium coelectrolysis model equilibrium temperature with comparison to Test 1 experimental data."
Fig. 19
Three routes for electrochemical conversion of CO2 to MeOH."
Fig. 20
Flow diagram of Co-SOEC-CO2tM process"
Fig. 21
Illustration of direct methane synthesis from CO2-H2O co-electrolysis in a tubular unit combining a high-temperature SOEC and a reduced temperature Fischer-Tropsch reactor."
Tab. 5
Characteristics of co-electrolysis based on SOECs"
| 电解池 | 燃料 | 温度/℃ | 电压/V | 电流密度/(A·cm-2） | 稳定性 | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LSM/LSM-YSZ//YSZ//LSCM | 60%H2O-40%CO2 | 750 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 256 h（750℃、1V） | [ |
| Ni-YSZ//YSZ/LSM-YSZ//LSM/LSCF | 10%H2-60% H2O-30%CO2 | 850 | 1.4 | 0.90 | 100 h（0.80 A·cm-2、800℃） | [ |
| Ni-YSZ//YSZ/GDC//LSGF-GDC | 40%H2O-40% CO2-20% H2 | 750 | 1.3 | 0.30 | 1000 h | [ |
| Ni-YSZ//YSZ/GDC//LSGF-GDC | 60%H2O-25% CO2-10% H2 | 750 | 1.3 | 0.50 | 600 h（0.5 A·cm-2） | [ |
| Ni-YSZ/YSZ/CGO//LSCF-CGO | 45%H2O-45% CO2-10% H2 | 750 | 1.4 | 1.20 | 1400 h（前800 h为0.5 A·cm-2 后0.75 A·cm-2） | [ |
| SFM//YbScSZ//SFM | 75%H2O-25%CO2 | 900 | 1.3 | 1.10 | 42 h | [ |
| SFMFe-LSGM//LSGM//SFM-LSGM | 50%H2O-50%CO2 | 850 | 1.3 | 0.60 | 100 h（850℃、1.1 V） | [ |
| SFM-SDC//LSGM//SFM-SDC | 16% CO2-16%H2O-20%H2-48%N2 | 850 | 1.3 | 0.73 | 103 h（800℃、0.12 A·cm-2） | [ |
| LSFNi-GDC//LSGM//PBCC-GDC | 20% H2O- 80% CO2 | 850 | 1.5 | 2.42 | 150 h（20% H2O/CO2、 800℃和0.5 A·cm-2） | [ |
| SFM-YSZ//YSZ//LSM-YSZ | 20% H2O- 80% CO2 | 800 | 1.5 | 1.46 | 26 h（CO2-20 vol% H2O、1.3 V、800℃） | [ |
| LSFNb//LSGM//LSFNb | 20% H2O- 80% CO2 | 850 | 1.3 | 1.46 | 130 h（800℃、CO2-20 vol% H2O、0.48 A·cm-2） | [ |
| 20% H2O- 80% CO2 | 800 | 1.3 | 0.97 | |||
| LSCM//YSZ//LSCM | 50%CO2-50% H2O | 850 | 1.5 | 0.30 | - | [ |
| Ni-YSZ//YSZ/CGO//LSCF-CGO | 65% H2O- 25% CO2- 10% H2 | 750 | 1.3 | 1.30 | 1000 h（750℃、0.5 A·cm-2） | [ |
| Ni-YSZ/YSZ/LSM-YSZ | 45% H2O-10%H2-45%CO2 | 850 | 1.3 | 1.00 | 700 h（1.5 A·cm2） | [ |
Fig. 22
The research trends for SOECs"
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