Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of failure mechanisms of Si electrode[10]"

Fig. 2

Schematic diagram of silicon anode modification methods and binder composite technology mechanisms"

Fig. 3

Molecular structures of PVDF, CMCNa, Alg, PAA, and SBR[39]"

Fig. 4

(a) Molecular structures of PAA and PSA binders; (b) Comparative cycling performance of SiNP electrodes with PSA-10%, PSA-20%, PSA-50%, PSA-70%, and PVDF as binders at a current density of 360 mA/g[48]; (c) Cycling performance of the PAA and 4A-PAA electrodes; (d) Cross-sectional SEM images of the (1, 2) PAA and 3,4) 4A-PAA electrodes before and after cycling[50]"

Fig. 5

Schematic diagram of the synthetic process for the cross-linked PAA-GL binder[53]"

Fig. 6

(a) Schematic diagram of fabrication process of Si/C from waste Si[54]; (b) Working mechanism of CMC-NaPAA-PAM to the solution for the volume change of Si particles during cycling[56]; (c) Cycling performance of Si-CMC-CPAM electrode[57]; (d) Long cycling performance of Si anode with LiCMC-TA binder[58]"

Table 1

A summary of electrochemical properties of three different structural polymer binders"

Fig. 7

Schematic diagram of a linear polymer binder (a) and a self-healable polymer binder (b) for Si anodes during the lithiation and de-lithiation processes[60]"

Fig. 8

(a) Schematic diagram of the type of chemical interaction between binders and Si particles[61];(b) Force-displacement curves of Si@PAA-DABBF; (c) Average adhesion force graphs of Si@PAA-DABBF[60]"

Fig. 9

(a) Cycling performance of the Si@C-P(iso) half-cell at different charge/discharge rates[67];(b) Conductivity plot of PEDOT:PSS films based on the PEG blending ratio; (c) Stress-strain curves of polymer films[73]; (d) Cycling performance of different electrodes at 0.8 A/g; (e) Rate capabilities of different electrodes at 0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8 and 1.6 A/g[74]"

Fig. 10

Schematic illustration of evolution of binders for silicon anodes"