Thermal management system for power battery in high/low-temperature environments

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0369

Abstract

Abstract:

Thermal characteristics have an important impact on the performance of electric vehicles. Low-temperature environments greatly affect the capacity and lifespan of lithium batteries, whereas high-temperature environments can lead to thermal runaway. In order to ensure the safe and efficient operation of lithium batteries in high- and low-temperature environments, this study proposes a thermal management system that takes into account high and low temperatures. By disassembling a battery's heat storage module, which is composed of thermal insulation materials and phase change materials, heat dissipation and heat preservation can be realized in high- and low-temperature weather. Modeling and simulation were done using Star CCM+ software. The research results showed that the static time of the power battery was maintained above 0 ℃ for up to 17 h after discharging at different rates. The holding time of the power battery at low temperature was increased by about eightfold compared with the condition without thermal management, and the holding time was increased by nearly threefold compared with the holding time when phase change materials were used alone, and the need to add an insulation layer was verified. In practical applications, it was shown that an electric vehicle could be started directly after parking, which would prevent frequent preheating. Under high-temperature conditions, removing the heat storage module and using air cooling for heat dissipation saves energy and further strengthens the system's capacity for heat dissipation. After discharging at a 1C—3C rate, the maximum temperature of the battery pack after the addition of the thermal management heat dissipation system was reduced by 34%, 42%, and 48%, respectively, compared with the maximum temperature of the battery pack without heat dissipation measures, and the addition of fins had a significant effect on the cooling of the battery. The maximum temperature at the 1C—3C discharge ratio was 4.8%, 5.4%, and 6.7% lower than that without fins, respectively. The higher the discharge ratio, the greater the heat dissipation effect.

Key words: electric vehicles, battery thermal management, phase change materials, heat pipes, heat preservation

CLC Number:

TB 61

Songyan LIU, Weiliang WANG, Shiliang PENG, Junfu LYU. Thermal management system for power battery in high/low-temperature environments[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(7): 2181-2191.

Figures/Tables 16

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

Fig. 13

Fig. 14

References 29

1	HANSEN J, SATO M, RUEDY R, et al. Global temperature change[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006, 103(39): 14288-14293. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606291103.
2	THAKUR A K, PRABAKARAN R, ELKADEEM M R, et al. A state of art review and future viewpoint on advance cooling techniques for Lithium-ion battery system of electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 32: 101771. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2020.101771.
3	贺元骅, 余兴科, 樊榕, 等. 动力锂离子电池热管理技术研究进展[J]. 电池, 2022, 52(3): 337-341. DOI: 10.19535/j.1001-1579.2022.03.024.
	HE Y H, YU X K, FAN R, et al. Research progress in thermal management technology of power Li-ion battery[J]. Battery Bimonthly, 2022, 52(3): 337-341. DOI: 10.19535/j.1001-1579.2022.03.024.
4	JAGUEMONT J, VAN MIERLO J. A comprehensive review of future thermal management systems for battery-electrified vehicles[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 31: 101551. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2020.101551.
5	ZHAO Y Q, ZOU B Y, ZHANG T T, et al. A comprehensive review of composite phase change material based thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 167: 112667. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112667.
6	RAO Z H, WANG S F, WU M C, et al. Experimental investigation on thermal management of electric vehicle battery with heat pipe[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2013, 65: 92-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2012.08.014.
7	GUPTA A, MANTHIRAM A. Designing advanced lithium-based batteries for low-temperature conditions[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2020, 10(38): 2001972. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202001972.
8	陆洋, 闫帅帅, 马骁, 等. 低温锂电池电解液的研究与应用[J/OL]. 储能科学与技术: 1-19[2024-05-09]. https://doi.org/10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0313.
	LU Y, YAN S S, MA X, et al. Research and application of low temperature lithium battery electrolyte[J/OL]. Energy Storage Science and Technology: 1-19[2024-05-09]. https://doi.org/10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0313.
9	VLAHINOS A, PESARAN A A. Energy efficient battery heating in cold climates[C]// SAE Technical Paper Series. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002: 826-833. DOI: 10.4271/2002-01-1975.
10	XIONG R, ZHANG K, QU S Y, et al. A fast pre-heating method for lithium-ion batteries by wireless energy transfer at low temperatures[J]. eTransportation, 2023, 16: 100227. DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2023.100227.
11	潘成久, 郭宏飞. 电动汽车电池包保温与加热的研究[C]// 2013中国汽车工程学会年会论文集. 北京, 2013: 500-503.
12	GUO R, LI L, SUN Z Y, et al. An integrated thermal management strategy for cabin and battery heating in range-extended electric vehicles under low-temperature conditions[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 228: 120502. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng. 2023.120502.
13	张承宁, 雷治国, 董玉刚. 电动汽车锂离子电池低温加热方法研究[J]. 北京理工大学学报, 2012, 32(9): 921-925. DOI: 10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2012.09.019.
	ZHANG C N, LEI Z G, DONG Y G. Method for heating low-temperature lithium battery in electric vehicle[J]. Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2012, 32(9): 921-925. DOI: 10.15918/j.tbit1001-0645.2012.09.019.
14	SONG H S, JEONG J B, LEE B H, et al. Experimental study on the effects of pre-heating a battery in a low-temperature environment[C]// 2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. IEEE, 2012: 1198-1201. DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422509.
15	温小燕. 基于复合相变材料的锂离子电池低温热管理系统研究[D]. 广州: 华南理工大学, 2017.
	WEN X Y. Study on low-temperature thermal management system of Li-ion battery using phase change material[D]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2017.
16	BAI F F, CHEN M B, SONG W J, et al. Investigation of thermal management for lithium-ion pouch battery module based on phase change slurry and mini channel cooling plate[J]. Energy, 2019, 167: 561-574. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.137.
17	QU J, WANG C, LI X J, et al. Heat transfer performance of flexible oscillating heat pipes for electric/hybrid-electric vehicle battery thermal management[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 135: 1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.02.045.
18	KIANI M, OMIDDEZYANI S, HOUSHFAR E, et al. Lithium-ion battery thermal management system with Al₂O₃/AgO/CuO nanofluids and phase change material[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 180: 115840. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng. 2020.115840.
19	CABEZA L F, FRAZZICA A, CHÀFER M, et al. Research trends and perspectives of thermal management of electric batteries: Bibliometric analysis[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 32: 101976. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2020.101976.
20	WU T T, WANG C H, HU Y X, et al. Research on novel battery thermal management system coupling with shape memory PCM and molecular dynamics analysis[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2022, 210: 118373. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng. 2022.118373.
21	邓芳. 方形动力锂电池组PCM液冷复合散热性能研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆交通大学, 2021. DOI: 10.27671/d.cnki.gcjtc.2021.000499.
	DENG F. Study on compound heat dissipation performance of PCM liquid cooling for square power lithium battery pack[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing Jiaotong University, 2021. DOI: 10.27671/d.cnki.gcjtc.2021.000499.
22	JOUHARA H, CHAUHAN A, NANNOU T, et al. Heat pipe based systems - Advances and applications[J]. Energy, 2017, 128: 729-754. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.028.
23	FAGHRI A. Frozen start-up behavior of low-temperature heat pipes[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1992, 35(7): 1681-1694. DOI: 10.1016/0017-9310(92)90139-J.
24	CHIOU R Y, CHEN J S J, LU L, et al. Prediction of heat transfer behavior of carbide inserts with embedded heat pipes for dry machining[C]// Materials: Processing, Characterization and Modeling of Novel Nano-Engineered and Surface Engineered Materials. ASMEDC, 2002. DOI: 10.1115/imece2002-32656.
25	AGYENIM F, HEWITT N, EAMES P, et al. A review of materials, heat transfer and phase change problem formulation for latent heat thermal energy storage systems (LHTESS)[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010, 14(2): 615-628. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.015.
26	CABEZA L F, CASTELL A, BARRENECHE C, et al. Materials used as PCM in thermal energy storage in buildings: A review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, 15(3): 1675-1695. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.018.
27	AL-ABIDI A A, BIN MAT S, SOPIAN K, et al. CFD applications for latent heat thermal energy storage: A review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2013, 20: 353-363. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.079.
28	JILTE R D, KUMAR R, AHMADI M H, et al. Battery thermal management system employing phase change material with cell-to-cell air cooling[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 161: 114199. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114199.
29	XIE J H, GE Z J, ZANG M Y, et al. Structural optimization of lithium-ion battery pack with forced air cooling system[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 126: 583-593. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.143.

材料	密度/(kg/m³)	比热容/[J/(kg∙K)]	热导率/[W/(m∙K)]
电池^[21]	2101	1014	λ_Z =0.813, λ_X_,_Y =24.869
热管^[24]	8960.0	385.0	8000.0
PCM1^[25]	830.0	1932.0	—
PCM2^[25]	783.0	2054.0	—
气凝胶^[26]	23.0	1800.0	0.013

[1]	Guohe CHEN, Peizhao LYU, Menghan LI, Zhonghao RAO. Research progress on thermal runaway propagation characteristics of lithium-ion batteries and its inhibiting strategies [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(7): 2470-2482.
[2]	Chenyang ZHAO, Xiaokun YU, Yubing TAO. Preparation and characterization of modified CuO nanoparticles/n-octadecane phase change material [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(6): 1786-1793.
[3]	Peng NI, Shihao CAO. Melting heat storage properties of metal honeycomb/paraffin composite phase change materials [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 425-435.
[4]	Yunjie LU. Research on control technology of electric vehicle energy storage system [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 608-610.
[5]	Shaohong ZENG, Weixiong WU, Jizhen LIU, Shuangfeng WANG, Shifeng YE, Zhenyu FENG. A review of research on immersion cooling technology for lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(9): 2888-2903.
[6]	Jiangtian ZHU, Yuan ZHANG, Yibin LUO, Huiting YANG, Jie LI, Xiaoqin SUN. Optimization of 5G communication base station cabinet based on heat storage of phase change material [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(9): 2789-2798.
[7]	Ruijie HONG, Danzhen GU, Ruanqing MO, Sinan CAI, Chaolin ZHANG. Research on optimization of EV energy storage V2G strategy based on user preference [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(8): 2659-2667.
[8]	Jinghao YAN, Jie LI, Yiming LI, Xiaoqin SUN, Lina XI, Changwei JIANG. Numerical simulation study on heat storage performance of composite phase-change units based on gradient-porosity metal foam [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(8): 2424-2434.
[9]	Qi ZHANG, Yinlei LI, Yanfang LI, Jun SONG, Xuehong WU, Chongyang LIU, Xueling ZHANG. Preparation and thermal characterization of expanded graphite/multiwalled carbon nanotube-based eutectic salt-composite phase change materials [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(8): 2435-2443.
[10]	Xinlei CAI, Jinzhou ZHU, Mai LIU, Jiale LIU, Zijie MENG, Yang YU. Peak shaving strategy of electric vehicles based on an improved Dingo optimization algorithm [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(6): 1913-1919.
[11]	Hongbing CHEN, Xuening GAO, Tao LIU, Congcong WANG, Rui ZHAO, Junhui SUN, Chuanling WANG, Di HE. Performance of a solar PV/T system applying a paraffin/graphene oxide composite phase change material [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(3): 661-668.
[12]	Xueqing SHEN, Wei CHEN. Thermal management performance of batteries with embedded tree-like fins for phase transition layers [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(2): 459-467.
[13]	Jinmei DONG, Qiyuan LIU, Fang WU, Lirui JIA, Jing WEN, Chenggong CHANG, Weixin ZHENG, Xueying XIAO. Phase change characteristics and proportion adjustment of fatty acid binary energy storage materials [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(2): 349-356.
[14]	Zhaofeng DAI, Zhu JIANG, Dongliang ZHAO, Zhiyuan ZHANG, Xiaosong ZHANG. Development and system application of phase change material for cold storage of fruits and vegetables [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(12): 3720-3729.
[15]	Hongbing CHEN, Chunyang LI, Congcong WANG, Men LI, Haoyang LU, Yuhang LIU, Yan ZHANG. Preparation and properties of binary composite phase-change materials based on solar low-temperature heat storage [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(12): 3663-3669.