A review of research on immersion cooling technology for lithium-ion batteries

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0269

Abstract

Abstract:

The thermal management system of batteries is of great significance to the safe and efficient operation of lithium batteries. Compared with traditional thermal management technology, immersion cooling technology has obvious advantages in controlling temperature and energy efficiency. With the rapid development of electric vehicles and energy storage power stations, research on immersion cooling systems has gained increasing attention. This paper first systematically summarizes the five commonly used dielectric fluids, including electronic fluorinated fluids, hydrocarbons, esters, silicone oils, and water-based fluids, from thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, safety, environmental protection, and economy perspectives. Then, according to the battery system's operating temperature characteristics, the research progress of immersion cooling in low-temperature preheating, room temperature cooling, and thermal runaway suppression is reviewed in detail. There is still a lack of research on low-temperature preheating. Ambient temperature cooling can be achieved through single-phase liquid cooling or gas-liquid phase change cooling. Dielectric fluids with high flash points may be crucial in suppressing thermal runaway during the battery system failure. Finally, the current progress of this field is introduced, and the future development direction of dielectric fluids for lithium-ion battery immersion systems is proposed. Among them, electronic fluorinated fluids and synthetic hydrocarbons are relatively mature, esters and silicone oils are less studied, and water-based fluids urgently need to solve the electrical insulation problem. This paper can provide a reference for designing an immersion cooling system for electrochemical energy storage systems.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, battery thermal management, immersion cooling, dielectric fluid

CLC Number:

TM 912

Shaohong ZENG, Weixiong WU, Jizhen LIU, Shuangfeng WANG, Shifeng YE, Zhenyu FENG. A review of research on immersion cooling technology for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(9): 2888-2903.

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1

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Table 2

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Table 3

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种类	材料	商家来源	20 ℃时运动黏度/cSt^①	20 ℃时密度/(kg/m³)	导热系数/(W/m·k)	比热容/(J/kg·K)	介电常数
电子氟化液	Novec649^[10]	美国3M	0.40	1600	0.059	1103	1.8
	Novec7000^[11]	美国3M	0.32	1400	0.075	1300	7.4
	Novec7100^[12] 同HFE-7100	美国3M	0.27	1370.2	0.062	1255	7.39
	FC-72^[13]	美国3M	0.38	1680	0.057	1100	1.75
	SF33^[14]	美国chemours	0.30	1383.5	0.077	1200	32
	HFE-6512^[15]	浙江辉凯鼎瑞	1.18	1600	0.23^[8]	1170	5.8
碳氢化合物	矿物油		56^[16]	924.1^[16]	0.13^[16]	1900^[16]	2.1^[17]
	E5 TM 410^[18]	荷兰壳牌	19.4	810	0.14	2100
	AmpCool AC-110^[19]	美国ENGINEERED FLUIDS	8.11 (40 ℃)	820	0.1403 (40 ℃)	2212.1 (40 ℃)	2.08
酯类	MIVOLT-DF7^[20]	英国M&I Materials	16.4	916	0.129	1907
酯类	MIVOLT-DFK^[21]	英国M&I Materials	75	968	0.147	1902
硅油类	硅油^[22]	美国super lube	100	965	0.16	1460	16
	二甲基硅油		1500^[23]	968^[23]	0.16^[23]	1630^[23]	2.18^[24]
	乙基硅油		50^[25]	970^[25]	0.159^[25]	1810^[25]
水基流体	去离子水^[26]		1	998	0.5984	4182	80.2
	水乙二醇溶液50%		4.5^[27]	1082^[27]	0.402^[27]	3260^[27]	64.92^[28]
	氧化铝纳米流体0.4%^[29]		0.93 (30 ℃)	1007 (30 ℃)	0.6349 (30 ℃)	4124 (30 ℃)

种类	材料	凝固点(倾点)/℃	沸点/℃	汽化潜热/(kJ/kg)	闪点/℃	安全性	环保性
电子氟化液	Novec649^[10]	-108	49	88			ODP=0 GWP=1
	Novec7000^[11]	-122	34	142	无	不易燃	ODP=0 GWP=530
	Novec7100^[12] 同HFE-7100	-135	61	111.6	无		ODP=0 GWP=320
	FC-72^[13]	-90	56	88	无		ODP=0 高GWP
	SF33^[14]	-107	33.4	166	无		ODP=0 GWP=2
	HFE-6512^[15]	-120	135		无	不燃	ODP=0 GWP=1
碳氢化合物	矿物油		>218^[30]		>115^[30]	易燃^[30]
	E5 TM 410^[18]				190	易燃
	AmpCool AC-110^[19]	-57			193	易燃	GWP=0
酯类	MIVOLT-DF7^[20]	-75			194		ODP=0 GWP<1
酯类	MIVOLT-DFK^[21]	<-50			>250		ODP=0 GWP<1
硅油类	硅油^[22]	-55			>300
	二甲基硅油	<-50^[24]			>155^[24]
	乙基硅油	<-40^[31]	>205^[31]		80^[31]
水基流体	去离子水^[26]	0	100	2257	无
	水乙二醇溶液50%	-36.8^[32]	107.2^[32]
	氧化铝纳米流体0.4%^[29]

参考	介电流体	电池	关键指标
参考	介电流体	电池	升温范围/℃	升温速率/(℃/min)	模组温差/℃
Wang等^[67]	硅油	12个方形	-28～25	<4.18	<3.18
郎等^[68]	变压器油	16个方形	-30～0	0.85	3
颜等^[69]	变压器油	12个方形	-30～10	1.43	3
朱等^[25]	乙基硅油	5个方形	-10～15	<1.2	0.9
鲁等^[70]	绝缘油	单个圆柱	-20～10	<13	<8
裴等^[71]	导热油	221个圆柱	-20～0	<5	—

参考	介电流体	电池类型	研究方法	热失控触发	实验结果
Li^[36]	HFO-1336、BTP、F7A、C6F-ketone、HFE-7100	圆柱电池	实验	热滥用-加热	五种冷却液浸没的电池最高温度均远低于热失控温度，未出现热失控
Patil^[7]	矿物油	软包模组	仿真	热滥用-内部短路	只有触发电池发生热失控，其他电池无影响
Zhao^[94]	E5 TM 410	方形模组	实验	热滥用-加热	浸没式实验中无明火发生，符合中国法规要求
Wu^[77]	二甲基硅油	圆柱模组	实验	热滥用-加热	浸没式没有发生热失控传播，间接冷却式有发生热失控传播的风险
Zhou^[95]	Novec 649	软包模组	实验	电滥用-过充	相变液体抑制了故障电池的热失控，并阻止了热失控传播
李^[96]	水-乙二醇阻燃液压油、变压器油	圆柱电池	实验	热滥用-加热	大气环境、浸没环境下，不同电极材料锂电池的热失控特性

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