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Research progress on failure of lithium-ion batteries under different service conditions Yalu HAN, Yige CHEN, Huifang DI, Jiehuan LIN, Zhenbing WANG, Yang ZHANG, Fangyuan SU, Chengmeng CHEN Energy Storage Science and Technology    2024, 13 (4): 1338-1349.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0655 Abstract （207）   HTML （68）    PDF（pc） （10166KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium-ion batteries are susceptible to failure during extended use, manifesting as increased internal resistance, capacity decay, lithium plating, and gas generation, among other issues. The challenge of monitoring these failure processes can significantly compromise the safety, reliability, and lifespan of these batteries. Investigating the causes of battery failure under various service conditions, such as calendar aging, extensive cycling, and floating charge, is crucial for understanding the failure mechanisms and effectively monitoring the battery's health and lifespan. This paper reviews existing research on battery failure under different conditions and summarizes the failure mechanisms within the internal components of lithium-ion batteries-cathode, anode, separator, and electrolyte-under various temperature, voltage, and state of charge conditions. It highlights the effects of voltage and temperature on calendar aging, models of failure due to calendar aging, alterations in cathode and anode materials after prolonged cycling, failure mechanisms following high-temperature float charging, and the mechanisms of battery gas generation. Additionally, it proposes targeted optimization strategies for anode materials, separators, electrolytes, and cathode materials in lithium batteries. Comprehensive analysis indicates that failure in lithium-ion batteries can result from lithium loss in electrodes, active material loss, particle breakdown, transition metal dissolution, and solid electrolyte interface decomposition. By minimizing particle size, incorporating electrolyte film-forming additives, and enhancing separator permeability, the failure rate of lithium-ion batteries during long-term service can be reduced, ensuring their safe and stable operation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Layered oxide cathode for sodium ion batteries: Interlayer glide, phase transition and performance Huanqing LIU, Xu GAO, Jun CHEN, Shouyi YIN, Kangyu ZOU, Laiqiang XU, Guoqiang ZOU, Hongshuai HOU, Xiaobo JI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (5): 1327-1339.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0123 Abstract （861）   HTML （146）    PDF（pc） （8592KB）（1413）       Knowledge map    Save Due to the abundance of sodium resources, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), as rechargeable batteries, have received increasing attention, especially for large-scale energy storage systems. However, the development of SIBs is hindered by the lack of suitable host materials to reversibly insert/extract Na ions. Layered transition metal oxides (NaxMO2, M = Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr and their combinations) are promising cathode materials for SIBs due to their high theoretical capacity and simple structure. Interlayer glide and phase transitions are more prone to occur in sodium transition metal layered oxides than in their lithium counterparts. In this review, recent progress on the structural evolution and electrochemical performance of NaxMO2 materials are summarized. The dependence of the battery performance (the cycle performance, rate performance, and energy efficiency) on the structural evolution are discussed. In addition, this review presents several strategies to alleviate this problem and points to next generation electrode materials for SIBs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Flow field analysis and structural optimization of coating die with electrode slurry Jiamu YANG, Yuxin CHEN, Cheng LIAN, Zhi XU, Honglai LIU Energy Storage Science and Technology    2024, 13 (4): 1109-1117.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0100 Abstract （39）   HTML （130）    PDF（pc） （2675KB）（143）       Knowledge map    Save The coating process is one of the key processes in the manufacturing of lithium battery electrodes. The stability and consistency of the coating determine the structure of the electrode, which in turn affects the performance and cycle life of the battery. As large-sized power lithium battery products had higher requirements for coating width, one of the core technical issues is how to ensure the flow uniformity of electrode slurry at the outlet of the coating die. Therefore, rational design of the flow channel structure of the coating die is crucial. This study aims to address the issue of inhomogeneous velocity distribution at the outlet of the wide coating die, and constructs die head flow channel models with different sizes and structures for flow field simulation. The flow characteristics of electrode slurry inside the die head are analyzed, and the structural dimensions of the coat-hanger die are optimized by using Box-Behnken design. The coat-hanger die with an inclined variable-diameter homogenizing cavity had a stronger drainage effect on the slurry, helping to improve the flow uniformity in the width direction. Adjustments to the die structure dimensions significantly impacted flow uniformity. The main structural parameters of the coat-hanger die were optimized using Box-Behnken design, resulting in an increase in the uniformity of the slurry to 0.99. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Na-ion batteries: From fundamental research to engineering exploration RONG Xiaohui, LU Yaxiang, QI Xingguo, ZHOU Quan, KONG Weihe, TANG Kun, CHEN Liquan, HU Yongsheng Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (2): 515-522.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0054 Abstract （4053）   HTML （460）    PDF（pc） （3020KB）（5599）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing demand for low-cost energy storage systems, more and more researchers and engineers have been involved in the fundamental research and engineering exploration of Na-ion batteries (NIBs), which grew rapidly in the past decade. This article firstly analyzes the situation of global lithium resource, especially the potential risks in China. Then we review the history of NIBs and introduce their global industrialization status in recent years. According to the latest research progress in this field, we summarize seven advantages of NIBs in terms of cost, performance, etc., which endows NIBs with huge development potential. Finally, we focus on introducing our work on the development and mass production of low-cost electrode materials such as copper-based layered oxide cathodes and disordered carbon anodes, as well as the application demonstration and engineering scale-up of NIBs. The successful demonstration of Ah-grade cells and battery packs for NIBs has initially proved their feasibility. By optimizing electrode materials, electrolytes, manufacturing and integration, and battery management, it is expected to further improve the comprehensive performance of NIBs, and realize the practical applications in low-speed electric vehicles, data center backup power supplies, communication base stations, household/industrial energy storage systems, and large-scale energy storage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of energy storage technology in China in 2021 Haisheng CHEN, Hong LI, Wentao MA, Yujie XU, Zhifeng WANG, Man CHEN, Dongxu HU, Xianfeng LI, Xisheng TANG, Yongsheng HU, Yanwei MA, Kai JIANG, Hao QIAN, Qingsong WANG, Liang WANG, Xinjing ZHANG, Xing WANG, Dehou XU, Xuezhi ZHOU, Wei LIU, Xianzhang WU, Donglin WANG, Qinggang HE, Zifeng MA, Yaxiang LU, Xuesong ZHANG, Quan LI, Liumin SUO, Huan GUO, Zhenhua YU, Wenxin MEI, Peng QIN Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (3): 1052-1076.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0105 Abstract （2438）   HTML （435）    PDF（pc） （1662KB）（4511）       Knowledge map    Save Research and development progress on energy storage technologies of China in 2021 is reviewed in this paper. By reviewing and analyzing three aspects of research and development including fundamental study, technical research, integration and demonstration, the progress on major energy storage technologies is summarized including hydro pumped energy storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheel, lead battery, lithium-ion battery, flow battery, sodium-ion battery, supercapacitor, new technologies, integration technology, fire-control and safety technology. The results indicate that extensive improvements of China's energy storage technologies have been achieved during 2021 in terms of all the three aspects. China is now the most active country in energy storage fundamental study and also one of the core countries of technical research and demonstration. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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High-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage vessels： Current status and prospects Jian LI, Lixin ZHANG, Ruiyi LI, Xiao YANG, Ting ZHANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2021, 10 (5): 1835-1844.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0309 Abstract （1292）   HTML （103）    PDF（pc） （6699KB）（1677）       Knowledge map    Save This study introduced several high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage containers, including high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinders, high-pressure composite hydrogen storage tanks, and glass hydrogen storage containers. High-pressure hydrogen storage cylinders include all-metal gas cylinders and fiber composite material-wound gas cylinders. The only commercially available high-pressure hydrogen storage container has the advantages of easy hydrogen release and high hydrogen concentration. The high-pressure composite hydrogen storage tank used hydrogen storage materials to store hydrogen and achieve solid hydrogen storage; the gap between the powder materials also participated in hydrogen storage to accomplish gas-solid mixed hydrogen storage. This method had the advantages of high volumetric hydrogen storage density, fast hydrogen charging speed, and good working performance at low temperatures. The glass hydrogen storage containers included hollow glass microspheres and a capillary glass array. This was a new type of high-pressure hydrogen storage container that had the advantages of high mass and volume density, good safety, low-cost parameters, and did not undergo hydrogen embrittlement. It was initially anticipated that this type of container would be combined with fuel cells and applied to various electronic mobile devices. However, due to imperfections in its related supporting devices, additional development is required for its commercial application. This paper compared the performance of several commercial high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks. It focused on the hydrogen storage mechanism, the technical status, and the research related to glass hydrogen storage tanks. It posited future technical research directions related to several types of hydrogen storage tanks. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Thermodynamic analysis of an advanced adiabatic compressed-air energy storage system coupled with molten salt heat and storage-organic Rankine cycle Hang YIN, Qiang WANG, Jiahua ZHU, Zhirong LIAO, Zinan ZHANG, Ershu XU, Chao XU Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (12): 3749-3760.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0548 Abstract （124）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （1769KB）（206）       Knowledge map    Save Advanced adiabatic compressed-air energy storage is a method for storing energy at a large scale and with no environmental pollution. To improve its efficiency, an advanced adiabatic compressed-air energy storage system (AA-CAES+CSP+ORC) coupled with the thermal storage-organic Rankine cycle for photothermal power generation is proposed in this report. In this system, the storage of heat from photothermal power generation is used to solve the problem of limited compression heat in the AA-CAES+CSP+ORC, while the medium- and low-temperature waste heat generation in the organic Rankine cycle power generation system further improves the energy storage efficiency. Here, a thermodynamic simulation model of the coupled system was initially constructed using Aspen Plus software, and the influence of two types of concentrated solar heat storage media on system performance was subsequently studied and compared. The results show that compared with thermal oil and solar salt, the system using solar salt as the concentrated solar heat storage medium had a superior performance, and the energy storage efficiency reached 115.9%. The round-trip efficiency reached 68.2%, exergic efficiency reached 76.8%, exergic conversion coefficient reached 92.8%, and energy storage density attained 5.53 kWh/m3. In addition, the study found that low ambient temperature, high inlet temperature, and high air turbine inlet pressure are conducive to improving the energy storage performance of the system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries:State-of-the-art development and perspective XU Xiaoxiong, QIU Zhijun, GUAN Yibiao, HUANG Zhen, JIN Yi Energy Storage Science and Technology    2013, 2 (4): 331-341.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4239.2013.04.001 Abstract （4870）      PDF（pc） （3840KB）（9123）       Knowledge map    Save Conventional lithium-ion secondary batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices and are now developed for large-scale applications in hybrid-type electric vehicles and stationary-type distributed power sources. However, there are inherent safety issues associated with thermal management and combustible organic electrolytes in such battery systems. The demands for batteries with high energy and power densities make these issues increasingly important. All-solid-state lithium batteries based on solid-state polymer and inorganic electrolytes are leak-proof and have been shown to exhibit excellent safety performance, making them a suitable candidate for the large-scale applications. This paper presents a brief review of the state-of-the-art development of all-solid-state lithium batteries including working principles, design and construction, and electrochemical properties and performance. Major issues associated with solid-state battery technologies are then evaluated. Finally, remarks are made on the further development of all-solid-state lithium cells. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Applying data-driven machine learning to studying electrochemical energy storage materials Siqi SHI, Zhangwei TU, Xinxin ZOU, Shiyu SUN, Zhengwei YANG, Yue LIU Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (3): 739-759.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0051 Abstract （899）   HTML （213）    PDF（pc） （4199KB）（1600）       Knowledge map    Save Materials are key to energy storage batteries. With experimental observations, theoretical research, and computational simulations, data-driven machine learning should provide a new paradigm for electrochemical energy storage material research and development. Its advantages include rapid capture of the complex structure-activity relationship between material composition, structure, process, and performance. In this study, the latest developments in employing machine learning in electrochemical energy storage materials are reviewed systematically from structured and unstructured data-driven perspectives. The material databases from China and abroad are summarized for electrochemical energy storage material use, and data collection and quality inspection problems are analyzed. Data-driven machine learning workflows and applications in electrochemical energy storage materials are demonstrated. They contain data collection, feature engineering, and machine learning modeling under structured data, and the model construction and application under unstructured data of graphics, representation images, and literature. Three principal contradictions and countermeasures faced by machine learning in electrochemical energy storage materials are highlighted: the contradiction and coordination of high-dimensional and small sample data, the contradiction and unity of model complexity and ease of use, and the contradiction and contradiction fusion between model learning results and expert experience. We highlighted that "Machine Learning Embedded with Domain Knowledge" construction should reconcile these contradictions. This review provides a reference for applying machine learning in electrochemical energy storage materials' design and performance optimization. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of the remaining useful life prediction methods for lithium-ion batteries Bingjin LI, Xiaoxia HAN, Wenjie ZHANG, Weiguo ZENG, Jinde WU Energy Storage Science and Technology    2024, 13 (4): 1266-1276.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0098 Abstract （111）   HTML （58）    PDF（pc） （2615KB）（114）       Knowledge map    Save As the energy and power density of lithium-ion batteries have gradually increased in recent years, the safety performance and prediction of remaining service life have become increasingly crucial. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the current research status of predicting the remaining useful life of lithium batteries. It systematically introduces the existing forecast algorithms, focusing on the application of machine learning methods in this field. Model-based methods encompass electrochemical, equivalent circuits, and empirical models. In contrast, data-driven methods involve machine learning techniques such as support vector machines, Gaussian process regression, extreme learning machines, convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and transformers. We meticulously examine the advantages and disadvantages of each method, emphasizing on the application and evolution of machine learning methods in feature extraction and fusion techniques. This study summarizes and analyzes current-voltage-temperature, IC, and EIS curves regarding feature extraction. It subdivides and analyzes fusion methods into model-model, data-model, and data-data fusion methods. Finally, addressing the existing research challenges, this review proposes research suggestions for predicting remaining service life from three perspectives: early, online, and multioperating condition predictions. These suggestions provide insights into enhancing the accuracy and practicability of remaining service life prediction algorithms for Li-ion batteries. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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High-nickel ternary layered cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries： Research progress， challenges and improvement strategies Zhizhan LI, Jinlei QIN, Jianing LIANG, Zhengrong LI, Rui WANG, Deli WANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (9): 2900-2920.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0595 Abstract （1636）   HTML （261）    PDF（pc） （22577KB）（1784）       Knowledge map    Save With the gradual expansion of lithium-ion battery applications in the field of new energy vehicles, endurance mileage has become a key factor restricting the development of new energy vehicles. Improving the energy density of lithium-ion batteries is an effective way to solve range anxiety. Owing to their high specific capacity, low cost, and relatively good safety, high-nickel ternary layered materials are now one of the most promising cathode candidates for the next high-specific energy lithium-ion batteries. However, increased nickel content significantly decreases ternary layered materials' cycling and thermal stability. In this regard, we first summarize the development process of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries and analyze the necessity of developing ternary layered materials for high nickel, after which the current challenges based on the research status of high nickel ternary layered cathode materials are systematically discussed. The failure mechanism of the material is comprehensively analyzed by considering cation mixing, structural degradation, microcracks, surface side reactions, and thermal stability. In addition, considering the problems of high nickel ternary layered materials, some effective and advanced improvement strategies, including surface coating, element doping, single-crystal structure, and concentration gradient design, are reviewed. The research progress of various improvement strategies and modification mechanisms is highlighted. Finally, we compare the characteristics of various improvement strategies. Based on the advantages of a single improvement strategy and the coupling effect of different improvement strategies, we look forward to the development direction of the improvement strategy for high nickel ternary layered materials and propose feasibility programs for the collaborative application of multiple improvement strategies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Thermal runaway characteristics and mechanisms of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles under nail penetration and crush XU Huiyong, FAN Yafei, ZHANG Zhiping, HU Renzong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (4): 1113-1126.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0028 Abstract （1209）   HTML （59）    PDF（pc） （3630KB）（1873）       Knowledge map    Save Thermal runaway of battery is an irreversible failure mode that can, in its most severe form, cause battery combustion and explosion, which can trigger the combustion of electrical vehicles, resulting in heavy loss of property and danger to human life. Therefore, it is considerably significant to study thermal runaway for understanding the failure mechanisms of the Li-ion batteries and improving the battery quality by optimizing the design to reduce the risk of battery combustion and explosion. Based on the electrical vehicle incident investigations, thermal runaway can be mainly attributed to mechanical abuse. In this study, the research progress with respect to the effects of nail penetration and crushing on the thermal runaway of the Li-ion vehicle batteries is summarized. In additional, the factors that influence the thermal runaway of Li-ion batteries are systematically analyzed, including battery materials and structures. Results show that under nail penetration and crushing, the battery charge states, internal structural design, and chemical systems considerably influence the thermal runaway results. Among them, the internal structural design and chemical systems of the batteries affect their thermal safety performance. Furthermore, mechanical abuses, such as nail penetration and crushing, trigger thermal runaway by causing large-scale internal short circuits in the batteries. Hence, rationalization proposals with respect to battery safety design have been proposed based on the related research results to avoid internal short circuits. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Recent progress on the Li7La3Zr2O12 （LLZO） solid electrolyte JIANG Pengfeng, SHI Yuansheng, LI Kangwan, HAN Baichuan, YAN Liquan, SUN Yang, LU Xia Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (2): 523-537.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2019.0286 Abstract （2862）   HTML （118）    PDF（pc） （5127KB）（3011）       Knowledge map    Save Solid-state batteries with high safety, high energy density, and long lifespan are considered one of the most important next-generation energy storage technologies to replace traditional organic rechargeable Li-ion batteries. The development of such solid batteries is limited by the solid electrolytes that are compatible with solid-solid interfaces. Since it’s discovered in 2007, the garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 （LLZO） solid electrolyte has demonstrated a promising application in solid batteries owing to its superior ionic conductivity （ca. 10-3 S/cm at room temperature） and highly stable chemical/electrochemical activities. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the recent progress on the structural manipulation, elemental doping, and the fundamentals of fast ionic migration. In addition, this paper introduces an approach to optimize the interface structure between the positive/negative electrodes and the garnet-type solid electrolyte, improve the interface wettability and compatibility with LLZO electrodes, and presents the history of Li-rich garnet solid electrolytes. The new results on the development of high-performance LLZO-based solid batteries are also included to outline the path for building better solid batteries. This paper sheds new light on promoting the practical application of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Techniques for monitoring internal signals of lithium-ion batteries Yuting WANG, Qiutong LI, Yiming HU, Xin GUO Energy Storage Science and Technology    2024, 13 (4): 1253-1265.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0093 Abstract （52）   HTML （42）    PDF（pc） （7920KB）（98）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium-ion batteries are extensively used in portable electronics, energy storage systems, and electric vehicles. However, with the increasing capacity of these batteries, the risk of thermal runaway and associated safety concerns have escalated. Traditional battery management systems primarily focus on monitoring surface temperature and terminal voltage to assess battery health. Yet, the multilayer structure and poor thermal conductivity of battery modules make it challenging to effectively monitor internal temperature and gas distribution, leading to delayed detection of critical signals such as surface temperature variations. Consequently, there is a growing emphasis on monitoring changes in internal temperature, pressure, strain, and gas signals to provide timely warnings of battery thermal runaway and enhance safety across various applications. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the mechanisms of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries and the techniques for monitoring internal battery signals. It highlights a series of exothermic reactions associated with thermal runaway, along with the resulting changes in internal temperature, pressure, and gas signals. Moreover, the review discusses monitoring techniques that directly assess internal battery signals, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and embedded sensor monitoring, offering insights for the optimization of future monitoring methods. The practical applications and potential of embedded sensors within batteries are emphasized, along with the prospects for further enhancing the safety of lithium-ion battery systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on energy storage technologies of China in 2022 Haisheng CHEN, Hong LI, Yujie XU, Man CHEN, Liang WANG, Xingjian DAI, Dehou XU, Xisheng TANG, Xianfeng LI, Yongsheng HU, Yanwei MA, Yu LIU, Wei SU, Qingsong WANG, Jun CHEN, Ping ZHUO, Liye XIAO, Xuezhi ZHOU, Ziping FENG, Kai JIANG, Haijun YU, Yongbing TANG, Renjie CHEN, Yatao LIU, Yuxin ZHANG, Xipeng LIN, Huan GUO, Han ZHANG, Changkun ZHANG, Dongxu HU, Xiaohui RONG, Xiong ZHANG, Kaiqiang JIN, Lihua JIANG, Yumin PENG, Shiqi LIU, Yilin ZHU, Xing WANG, Xin ZHOU, Xuewu OU, Quanquan PANG, Zhenhua YU, Wei LIU, Fen YUE, Zhen LI, Zhen SONG, Zhifeng WANG, Wenji SONG, Haibo LIN, Jiecai LI, Bin YI, Fujun LI, Xinhui PAN, Li LI, Yiming MA, Huang LI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (5): 1516-1552.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0330 Abstract （928）   HTML （236）    PDF（pc） （3233KB）（1656）       Knowledge map    Save Research progress on energy storage technologies of China in 2022 is reviewed in this paper. By reviewing and analyzing three aspects in terms of fundamental study, technical research, integration and demonstration, the progress on China's energy storage technologies in 2022 is summarized including hydro pumped energy storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheel, lithium-ion battery, lead battery, flow battery, sodium-ion battery, supercapacitor, new technologies, integration technology, firecontrol technology etc. It is found that important achievements in energy storage technologies have been obtained during 2022, and China is now the most active country in the world in energy storage fields on all the three aspects of fundamental study, technical research, integration and application. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of research on composite electrolytes for solid-state batteries Zhuo XU, Lili ZHENG, Bing CHEN, Tao ZHANG, Xiuling CHANG, Shouli WEI, Zuoqiang DAI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2021, 10 (6): 2117-2126.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0178 Abstract （1357）   HTML （161）    PDF（pc） （8723KB）（1380）       Knowledge map    Save At the moment, there are numerous issues with single inorganic solid electrolytes and polymer solid electrolytes, such as low ionic conductivity, dendrite formation, unstable interfaces, and so on. In varying degrees, composite solid electrolytes formed by organic polymer electrolytes and inorganic electrolytes can improve conductivity, inhibit dendrite formation, improve mechanical strength, interface stability, and compatibility. This paper reviews the improvement direction and measures of composite solid-state electrolytes in improving lithium ion conductivity, inhibiting lithium dendrite, and improving electrochemical stability. In addition, the development direction of the composite solid-state battery is anticipated, which serves as a reference for the development and application of the composite solid-state battery. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of polymer electrolyte for solid state lithium batteries ZHOU Weidong, HUANG Qiu, XIE Xiaoxin, CHEN Kejun, LI Wei, QIU Jieshan Energy Storage Science and Technology    2022, 11 (6): 1788-1805.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0168 Abstract （1388）   HTML （208）    PDF（pc） （10335KB）（1357）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, the critical challenges of lithium-ion batteries are how to improve their energy density and safety. With the help of nonflammable solid electrolytes and improved compatibility with Li-metal-based anode, solid state lithium batteries can effectively alleviate these two issues. Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) is one of the most promising solid-state-electrolytes because of its high flexibility, ease of processing, and good interfacial contact. The ionic conductivity, electrochemical window, and electrode stability all play important roles in the overall performance of solid lithium metal batteries. According to the different electrochemical stability windows, this study reviews the typical SPE systems classified by low-and high-voltage stable SPEs. The strategies of chemical modification, electrode/electrolyte interface engineering, and multilayer structure design are discussed, aiming to improve the ionic conductivity and broaden the electrochemical window of SPEs. This review summarizes the different electrochemical stability windows: ① Low-voltage-stable SPEs with good lithium metal compatibility and Li+ conductivity that can be improved by crosslinking, blending, copolymerization, and being composites with inorganic fillers; ② High-voltage-stable SPEs with lower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy and match high voltage cathode for improving the energy density of lithium metal batteries; and ③ Multilayer SPE systems that can withstand the simultaneous reduction of lithium metal anode and oxidation of high voltage cathode, providing a new strategy for the development of high energy density batteries. These SPE systems summarize the research focus of low-voltage-stable SPE to improve ionic conductivity and mechanical properties. The key to high-voltage-stable SPE is to reduce the HOMO energy and/or establish a stable CEI layer with a cathode. The research focus of multilayer SPE is the appropriate design of battery and electrode structure. The construction of highly Li-conducting polymer structures, which can stabilize or form an interface passivating layer with both cathode and anode simultaneously, is a future research focus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of separators on thermal runaway performance for Li-ion battery Zhiyou MAO, Xiaoyu NING, Peipei ZHANG, Bei ZHANG, Jiayuan XIANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2024, 13 (4): 1154-1158.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0897 Abstract （103）   HTML （51）    PDF（pc） （1972KB）（85）       Knowledge map    Save This study investigates the surface morphology, tensile strength, puncture resistance, and additional properties of polyethylene (PE)-based separators with varying thicknesses and double-sided ceramic coatings. Among these, three were chosen for constructing high-capacity prismatic batteries to conduct thermal runaway tests. The findings indicate that ceramic coatings of different thicknesses exhibit a dense surface, a broad particle size distribution, and similar morphological characteristics. The tensile and puncture strengths of the ceramic-coated separators, all based on a 12 μm PE film, showed no significant variance across different coating thicknesses or between single-and double-coated films of the same thickness. Under identical testing conditions, the thermal shrinkage rates of the separators were observed in the order: (12+2+2) μm, (12+1.5+1.5) μm<(12+4) μm<(12+3) μm<(12+2) μm. The state of charge at which thermal runaway occurred for batteries using (12+2) μm and (12+4) μm separators were 116.94% and 117.64%, with peak temperatures reaching 530.9 ℃ and 430.7 ℃, respectively. The experiments demonstrate that an increase in ceramic coating thickness delays thermal runaway and reduces peak temperatures. Furthermore, the battery constructed with the (12+2+2) μm double-coated separator experienced thermal runaway during the heating phase postovercharge, reaching a maximum temperature of only 369.5 ℃. An analysis of the experimental outcomes offers insights into battery design optimization, highlighting the critical nature of designing the overhang-where the separator's width exceeds that of the negative electrode, and the dimensions of the negative electrode surpass those of the positive electrode-for battery safety. Comprehensive evaluation of usage scenarios and extreme conditions is essential in battery design, taking into account the thermal shrinkage rates of chosen separators to calculate the contraction ratio, thereby ensuring the overhang design meets safety standards throughout the battery's lifecycle. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of the failure analysis of lithium ion batteries WANG Qiyu, WANG Shuo, ZHANG Jienan, ZHENG Jieyun, YU Xiqian, LI Hong Energy Storage Science and Technology    2017, 6 (5): 1008-1025.   DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2017.00022 Abstract （4241）      PDF（pc） （38291KB）（7433）       Knowledge map    Save The failure problems, associated with capacity fade, increased internal resistance, gas generation, electrolyte leakage, short circuit, battery deformation, thermal runaway, lithium deposition and etc., are the major issues that limit the performances, reliability and consistency of the commercialized lithium ion batteries. These problems are the result of a complex interplay of a host of chemical and physical mechanisms. A reliable analysis and fundamental understanding of aging characteristics is of critical significance for development of battery. The failure analysis of lithium ion batteries is started with the identification of the failure effects, then selected the advisable analysis methods to establish the high efficiency procedures to target the problems and thus to find out the primary causes as well as to provide reliable suggestions for further optimization of material fabrication and battery engineering. This article discusses the failure effects and their causes in lithium ion batteries. The procedure of the failure analysis and the inspection methods will also be presented. Some cases of failure analysis are reviewed in this manuscript, such as capacity fade, thermal runaway, and gas generation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Electrochemical and thermal behavior simulation experiments based on multiscale lithium ion batteries ZHANG Zhichao, ZHENG Lili, DU Guangchao, DAI Zuoqiang, ZHANG Hongsheng Energy Storage Science and Technology    2020, 9 (1): 124-130.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2019.0185 Abstract （723）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （983KB）（791）       Knowledge map    Save The stacked lithium-ion batteries comprise many identical electrode-cell combinations. The internal physicochemical properties of each electrode significantly affect the battery performance. However, these properties are difficult to be experimentally measured. In this study, a three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal coupling model is proposed by coupling the mass, charge, energy, and electrochemical kinetic equations. The time-space distribution of the electrochemical behavior and thermal properties of a stacked lithium-ion battery is studied. The simulation results denote that during the discharge process, a significant distribution gradient can be observed between the potential distribution and the current density distribution with respect to the connection between the pole and plate; furthermore, the current density is the highest at the positive pole, the increase in temperature is the highest, and the increase in temperature is reached at the end of discharge. The maximum temperature is 8 °C. The rate of increase in temperature differs at different positions of the battery. In the early discharge stage, the rate of increase in temperature is higher near the ear area and lower away from the ear; as the discharge process is deeper, the rate of increase in temperature increases away from the ear. The model established in this study can accurately predict the electrochemical behavior and temperature field distribution inside a lithium-ion battery, which will help to provide a relevant basis for subsequent structural optimization and thermal management of the batteries. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics