磷酸铁锂电池火灾危险性

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0041

储能科学与技术 ›› 2021, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (3): 1177-1186.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0041

磷酸铁锂电池火灾危险性

黎可¹(), 穆居易¹, 金翼¹, 许佳佳², 刘鹏杰², 王青松², 李煌^2,³()

^1.中国电力科学研究院有限公司，北京 100192
^2.中国科学技术大学火灾科学国家重点实验室，安徽合肥 230026
^3.安徽中科中涣防务装备技术有限公司，安徽合肥 230088

收稿日期:2021-01-27 修回日期:2021-02-10 出版日期:2021-05-05 发布日期:2021-04-30
通讯作者: 李煌 E-mail:like@epri.sgcc.com.cn;lihuang@ahzhfw.com
作者简介:黎可（1992—），男，硕士，工程师，主要从事锂离子电池防火灭火关键技术研究，E-mail：like@epri.sgcc.com.cn
基金资助:
国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(DG71-19-012)

Fire risk of lithium iron phosphate battery

Ke LI¹(), Juyi MU¹, Yi JIN¹, Jiajia XU², Pengjie LIU², Qingsong WANG², Huang LI^2,³()

^1.China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
^2.State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
^3.Anhui CAS-Zhonghuan Defense Equipment Technology Co. , Ltd. , Hefei 230088, Anhui, China

Received:2021-01-27 Revised:2021-02-10 Online:2021-05-05 Published:2021-04-30
Contact: Huang LI E-mail:like@epri.sgcc.com.cn;lihuang@ahzhfw.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由于稳定性好、可靠性高等优点，近年来磷酸铁锂电池在储能和变电系统中得到大量应用。为研究大容量磷酸铁锂电池的火灾危险性，通过自主设计的锂离子电池火灾测试平台，开展了228 A·h磷酸铁锂电池的热滥用测试，系统研究了该大型电池的燃烧过程及产热规律，对比分析了不同荷电状态(SOC)下目标电池的火灾特性。结果表明电池的燃烧行为可大致分为初次射流火、稳定燃烧、多次射流火以及火焰熄灭等阶段；燃烧行为会进一步加速电池温度的上升，而对于荷电状态较高的电池，内短路是造成其温度迅速跃升的关键因素；荷电状态较高的电池燃烧过程更加剧烈，具体表现为电池温度、热释放速率(HRR)、燃烧热将会更高，相应电池的燃烧时间也将更加短暂。此外，高温会造成电池电压的微量衰减，但是电池的安全泄压时间往往早于电压跳水时间。本研究结果旨在为锂离子电池系统在储能、变电等领域的安全设计及火灾防控技术提供理论和技术支撑。

关键词: 锂离子电池安全, 热失控, 火灾危险性, 热释放速率, 荷电状态

Abstract:

In recent years, the lithium iron phosphate battery (LIB) has been widely used in energy storage and power transformation systems because of its advantages of good stability and high reliability. With the purpose of investigating the fire risk of LIB with large capacity, the thermal abuse test of the 228 A·h LIB is conducted through the fire test platform. The combustion process and heat generation law of the LIB were systematically studied, as well the fire characteristics of the battery with different state of charge (SOCs) were compared and analyzed. The result indicates that the combustion behavior of the battery can be roughly divided into several stages: the first jet flame, stable combustion, multiple jet lame and extinguishing stages. Further, the combustion behavior will further accelerate the temperature rise, and the internal short circuit for the battery with higher SOC will cause the rapid temperature rise. The battery with high SOC shows intense combustion behavior while the corresponding burning time will be shorter, which is specifically reflected in the higher temperature, heat release rate (HRR) and heat of combustion. In addition, the venting time is earlier than the voltage drops although the high temperature will result in the slight attenuation of the battery. The results in this work can provide theoretical and technical support for the safety design and fire prevention and control technology of lithium-ion battery systems in the fields of energy storage and transformer substation system.

Key words: lithium-ion battery safety, thermal runaway, fire risk, heat release rate, state of charge

中图分类号:

TM 912

黎可, 穆居易, 金翼, 许佳佳, 刘鹏杰, 王青松, 李煌. 磷酸铁锂电池火灾危险性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(3): 1177-1186.

Ke LI, Juyi MU, Yi JIN, Jiajia XU, Pengjie LIU, Qingsong WANG, Huang LI. Fire risk of lithium iron phosphate battery[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(3): 1177-1186.

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参考文献 17

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序号	加热功率/W	荷电状态(SOC)	引燃时间/s
1	500	100%	2099
2	500	50%	1974
3	500	0%	1999

温度	测量点
T₀	与加热板接触壁面中心
T₁	远离加热板的壁面斜对角线上方
T₂	远离加热板的壁面中心
T₃	远离加热板的壁面斜对角线下方
T₄	电池侧壁面
T₅	电池正极极耳处
T₆	电池安全阀处

SOC	安全泄压时间/s	电压掉落时间/s	安全泄压温度, T_V/°C	热失控温度, T_tr/°C	峰值温度, T_tr/°C	燃烧持续时间/s
0%	1886	3252	164	224	262	1988
50%	1960	2636	168	226	432	1758
100%	2074	2243	165	167	573	385

阶段	不同SOC质量损失比
阶段	0%	50%	100%
I	—	—	—
II	89.6%	57.6%	38.6%
III	10.4%	42.4%	57.7%
IV	0	0	3.7%

SOC	0%	50%	100%
点燃时间/s	1999	1974	2099
燃烧行为持续时间/s	1988	1758	385
质量损失/g	727.0	856.3	921.7
峰值温度/℃	262	432	573
热释放速率峰数量	1	3	3
热释放速率峰值/kW	41.74	52.82	20.41
		15.87	74.83
		17.82	98.99
总产热量/MJ	7.68	10.33	13.94

磷酸铁锂电池火灾危险性

Fire risk of lithium iron phosphate battery

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