束缚力对磷酸铁锂电池安全性影响

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0250

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本工作采用循环寿命末期的大容量方型铝壳磷酸铁锂动力电池，以测试金属板模拟电池单体在电池系统中的束缚力场景，系统地研究了束缚力对动力电池过放电、过充电、外部短路、加热、针刺5项安全性能的影响。结果表明，束缚力对电池安全性能有显著影响，束缚力(约3 kN)的存在可有效降低电池安全风险，提高电池安全性能。束缚力的存在可有效避免过放电电池鼓胀及漏液，降低过充电爆炸概率，减缓外部短路引发的内阻及鼓胀增长，减少漏液、内部短路的发生，延缓加热触发热失控的温度，提高针刺安全性，避免浓烟释放和起火。本研究有助于提高科研人员对方型磷酸铁锂动力电池安全性的认识，为电池系统设计、安全标准制定等提供数据支撑。

关键词: 方型, 磷酸铁锂, 束缚力, 安全性能

Abstract:

Prismatic lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) Li-ion cells at the end of life (EOL) were selected as the research subject. A testing metal plate was used to simulate the cell with a binding force in a battery system. The effects of the binding force on the over-discharge, overcharge, external short circuit, heating, and nail penetration performance were investigated systematically. The binding force strongly affected cell safety and could reduce the safety risks and improve safety performance. A binding force about 3 kN could lead to the following: less swelling, avoiding rupture and electrolyte leakage during over-discharge; lower probability of explosion during overcharge; retarded growth of internal resistance and swelling; reduced electrolyte leakage and internal short circuit occurrence in an external short circuit; reduced thermal runaway temperature in heating; improved the nail penetration safety, avoiding fire, flame, and thick smoke release. This research improves the understanding of the safety of LiFePO₄ power batteries and can provide useful data to assist in battery system design and safety standard formulation.

Key words: prismatic, LiFePO₄, binding force, safety

中图分类号:

TM 912

刘伯峥, 曹六阳, 曾涛, 殷雅侠, 郭玉国. 束缚力对磷酸铁锂电池安全性影响[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(8): 2556-2563.

Bozheng LIU, Liuyang CAO, Tao ZENG, Yaxia YIN, Yuguo GUO. Effect of the binding force on the safety of LiFePO₄ cells[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(8): 2556-2563.

图/表 19

表1

图1

图2

图3

表2

图4

图5

图6

表3

图7

图8

表4

图9

图10

表5

图11

图12

图13

表6

参考文献 26

1	程萍, 程凤. 动力电池系统轻量化技术综述[J]. 电源技术, 2019, 43(1): 171-173.
	CHENG P, CHENG F. Review of lightening battery system used in EV[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 43(1): 171-173.
2	张婷, 林森, 于建国. 磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备及性能强化研究进展[J]. 无机盐工业, 2021, 53(6): 31-40.
	ZHANG T, LIN S, YU J G. Research progress in synthesis and performance enhancement of LiFePO₄ cathode materials[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2021, 53(6): 31-40.
3	朱鸿章, 吴传平, 周天念, 等. 磷酸铁锂和三元锂电池外部过热条件下的热失控特性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(1): 201-210.
	ZHU H Z, WU C P, ZHOU T N, et al. Thermal runaway characteristics of LiFePO₄ and ternary lithium batteries with external overheating[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(1): 201-210.
4	陈晓霞, 刘凯, 王保国. 高安全性锂电池电解液研究与应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2020, 9(2): 583-592.
	CHEN X X, LIU K, WANG B G. Research on high-safety electrolytes and their application in lithiumion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(2): 583-592.
5	涂健, 徐雄文, 胡海波, 等. 凝胶型锂离子电池的制作及电化学和安全性能[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(3): 1025-1031.
	TU J, XU X W, HU H B, et al. Fabrication of gel-type Li-ion batteries and their electrochemical and safety properties[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(3): 1025-1031.
6	汪茹, 刘志康, 严超, 等. 高安全锂离子电池复合集流体的界面强化[J]. 物理化学学报, 2022: doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202203043.
	WANG R, LIU Z K, YAN C, et al. Interface strengthening of composite current collectors for high-safety lithium-ion batteries[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2022: doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202203043.
7	黄莉莉, 卢兰光, 刘力硕, 等. 锂离子电池隔膜失效机理与防范措施研究进展[J]. 电源技术, 2021, 45(8): 1087-1090, 1099.
	HUANG L L, LU L G, LIU L S, et al. Recent progress on failure mechanism and preventive measures in lithium ion batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 45(8): 1087-1090,1099.
8	王芳, 王峥, 林春景, 等. 新能源汽车动力电池安全失效潜在原因分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(5): 1411-1418.
	WANG F, WANG Z, LIN C J, et al. Analysis on potential causes of safety failure of new energy vehicles[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1411-1418.
9	许辉勇, 范亚飞, 张志萍, 等. 针刺和挤压作用下动力电池热失控特性与机理综述[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2020, 9(4): 1113-1126.
	XU H Y, FAN Y F, ZHANG Z P, et al. Thermal runaway characteristics and mechanisms of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles under nail penetration and crush[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(4): 1113-1126.
10	王芳, 林春景, 刘磊, 等. 动力电池安全性的测试与评价[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2018, 7(6): 967-971.
	WANG F, LIN C J, LIU L, et al. Test and evaluation on safety of power batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2018, 7(6): 967-971.
11	XU P P, LI J Q, LEI N, et al. An experimental study on the mechanical characteristics of Li-ion battery during overcharge-induced thermal runaway[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2021, 45(14): 19985-20000.
12	羡学磊, 董海斌, 张少禹, 等. 压紧力对软包NCM动力锂离子电池热失控的影响[J]. 电源技术, 2020, 44(5): 682-685, 705.
	XIAN X L, DONG H B, ZHANG S Y, et al. Effect of clamping force on thermal runaway characteristics of soft-packed NCM lithium-ion power battery[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 44(5): 682-685, 705.
13	SHU J, SHUI M, XU D, et al. A comparative study of overdischarge behaviors of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2012, 16(2): 819-824.
14	LI H F, GAO J K, ZHANG S L. Effect of overdischarge on swelling and recharge performance of lithium ion cells[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemistry, 2008, 26(9): 1585-1588.
15	MALEKI H, HOWARD J N. Effects of overdischarge on performance and thermal stability of a Li-ion cell[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 160(2): 1395-1402.
16	YANG M J, YE Y J, YANG A J, et al. Comparative study on aging and thermal runaway of commercial LiFePO₄/graphite battery undergoing slight overcharge cycling[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 50: doi:10.1016/j.est.2022.104691.
17	BELETSKII E V, ALEKSEEVA E V, SPIRIDONOVA D V, et al. Overcharge cycling effect on the surface layers and crystalline structure of LiFePO₄ cathodes of Li-ion batteries[J]. Energies, 2019, 12(24): 4652.
18	王羽平, 屠芳芳, 陈冬, 等. 磷酸铁锂软包电池过充热失控实验研究[J]. 电源技术, 2020, 44(10): 1434-1437.
	WANG Y P, TU F F, CHEN D, et al. Experimental study on thermal runaway of lithium iron phosphate soft packed battery during overcharge[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 44(10): 1434-1437.
19	郑志坤. 磷酸铁锂储能电池过充热失控及气体探测安全预警研究[D]. 郑州: 郑州大学, 2020.
	ZHENG Z K. Study on thermal runaway and safety warning via gas detection of LiFePO₄ energy storage battery under overcharge condition[D]. Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University, 2020.
20	刘磊, 王芳, 任山, 等. 循环对锂离子电池外部短路安全性的影响[J]. 电源技术, 2016, 40(10): 1920-1923.
	LIU L, WANG F, REN S, et al. Impact of cycle life test on external short circuit safety performance of lithium ion batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 40(10): 1920-1923.
21	高飞, 朱艳丽, 齐创, 等. 锂离子电池安全事故激源浅析[J]. 电源技术, 2019, 43(3): 453-457.
	GAO F, ZHU Y L, QI C, et al. Excitation source analysis of lithium ion batteries safety accidents[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 43(3): 453-457.
22	王芳, 樊彬, 刘仕强, 等. 磷酸铁锂动力电池常规循环过程中安全特性[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2014, 5(2): 180-184.
	WANG F, FAN B, LIU S Q, et al. Safety behaviors of LiFePO₄ power battery during normal cycles[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2014, 5(2): 180-184.
23	陈欣蕊, 谭立志, 赵彦民, 等. 磷酸铁锂电池循环老化后不同SOC状态热特性研究[J]. 电源技术, 2021, 45(7): 877-880.
	CHEN X R, TAN L Z, ZHAO Y M, et al. Thermal characteristics of lithium-iron phosphate batteries under different SOCs after cycles[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 45(7): 877-880.
24	刘洋, 陶风波, 孙磊, 等. 磷酸铁锂储能电池热失控及其内部演变机制研究[J]. 高电压技术, 2021, 47(4): 1333-1343.
	LIU Y, TAO F B, SUN L, et al. Research of thermal runaway and internal evolution mechanism of lithium iron phosphate energy storage battery[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2021, 47(4): 1333-1343.
25	金标, 周明涛, 刘方方, 等. 磷酸铁锂动力锂离子电池穿刺实验[J]. 电池, 2017, 47(1): 23-26.
	JIN B, ZHOU M T, LIU F F, et al. Nail penetration test for lithium iron phosphate power Li-ion battery[J]. Battery Bimonthly, 2017, 47(1): 23-26.
26	HUANG Z H, LI H, MEI W X, et al. Thermal runaway behavior of lithium iron phosphate battery during penetration[J]. Fire Technology, 2020, 56(6): 2405-2426.

电池编号	束缚力	Δ电压/V	Δ内阻/%	Δ重量/g	Δ厚度/%
Cell-1	有	-3.402	543	-0.3	26
Cell-2	有	-3.346	65	-0.3	28
Cell-3	无	-3.337	95	-11.9	36
Cell-4	无	-3.406	604	-10.0	50
Cell-5	无	-3.382	352	-17.9	38

电池编号	束缚力	Δ电压/V	Δ内阻/%	Δ重量/g	Δ厚度/%
Cell-1	有	-3.406	/	-579.1	1
Cell-2	有	-0.360	42	-29.8	3
Cell-3	有	0.019	40	-53.0	2
Cell-4	无	-3.399	/	-2231.3	/
Cell-5	无	-3.399	/	-485.2	/

电池编号	束缚力	Δ电压/V	Δ内阻/%	Δ重量/g	Δ厚度/%
Cell-1	有	-2.873	2	-0.3	26
Cell-2	有	-2.919	9	-0.3	21
Cell-3	无	-2.950	23	-0.3	37
Cell-4	无	-3.351	38	-14.1	37
Cell-5	无	-3.264	30	-0.4	35

电池编号	束缚力	Δ电压/V	Δ内阻/%	Δ重量/g	Δ厚度/%
Cell-1	有	-3.376	/	-444.3	0
Cell-2	有	-3.404	/	-568.9	1
Cell-3	无	-3.392	/	-584.8	49
Cell-4	无	-3.424	/	-578.1	50

电池编号	束缚力	Δ电压/V	Δ内阻/%	Δ重量/g	Δ厚度/%
Cell-1	有	-3.395	9	-20.4	1
Cell-2	有	-3.404	10	-23.6	8
Cell-3	有	-3.324	57	-46.5	2
Cell-4	无	-3.390	21	-30.4	4
Cell-5	无	-3.427	3733	-544.7	36