均热板耦合热电制冷器的方形电池热管理系统数值研究

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0684

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

方形电池因其叠片结构，在充放电过程中易产生不均匀的内部热分布，导致局部过热且散热路径长，成为热管理设计的核心难点。为保证在方形电池运行过程中温度均匀性和热稳定性建立简单、易实现的电池热管理系统，本文开发了一种耦合均热板和热电制冷器的新型电池热管理系统。此外，还建立了电池热管理系统的热-电-流体多物理场数值模型，以模拟实际操作条件并预测系统的热性能。根据数值结果，发现与传统的电池热管理系统相比，具有均热板和热电制冷器的新型电池热管理系统具有更好的热性能，方形电池内的最大温差保持在5 ℃以下。通过平衡系统的热性能和功耗，确定了最佳冷却配置，热电制冷器输入电流为0.8 A，空气对流换热系数为25 W·m^-1·K^-1，冷却剂质量流量为3.5 g/s。在给定的最佳条件下，方形电池的最高表面温度为25.57 ℃，温差为4.06 ℃。这项研究为方形电池的热管理系统设计提供了参考。

关键词: 电池热管理系统, 热电制冷器, 方形电池, 均热板, 数值模型, 热性能

Abstract:

Due to their laminated structure, prismatic batteries are prone to generate non-uniform internal heat distribution during charge and discharge processes, resulting in localized overheating and prolonged heat dissipation paths, which constitute a critical challenge in thermal management design. To ensure temperature homogeneity and thermal stability during the operation of prismatic cells with a simple and easily implementable battery thermal management system (BTMS), this study develops a novel BTMS that couples vapor chambers (VC) with thermoelectric coolers (TECs). Additionally, a thermal-electric-fluid multiphysics numerical model for the BTMS is established to simulate real operating conditions and predict the system's thermal performance. According to numerical results, it is found that the novel BTMS with TECs and VCs enables better thermal performance compared to the traditional BTMS, and the maximum temperature difference within prismatic batteries is maintained below 5 ℃. By balancing the system's thermal performance and power consumption, the optimal cooling configuration is identified, with a TEC input current of 0.8 A, an air convection heat transfer coefficient of 25 W·m^-1·K^-1, and a coolant mass flow rate of 3.5 g/s. Under the given optimal conditions, the maximum surface temperature of prismatic batteries is 25.57 ℃, with a temperature difference of 4.06 ℃. This study provides a reference for the thermal management system design of prismatic batteries.

Key words: battery thermal management system, thermoelectric cooler, prismatic battery, vapor chamber, numerical model, thermal performance

中图分类号:

TM912

刘树宇, 罗丁. 均热板耦合热电制冷器的方形电池热管理系统数值研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0684.

Shuyu LIU, Ding LUO. Numerical investigation of flat battery thermal management system integrated with vapor chamber and thermoelectric coolers[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0684.

图/表 11

图1

表1

表2

热电制冷器数据表[20]"

	塞贝克系数/μV·K^-1	电阻率/S·m^-1	热导率/W·m^-1·K^-1	尺寸/L×W×H mm³
P型热电腿	$- 1.593 × 10 - 9 T 2 + 1.364 × 10 - 6 T - 7.062 × 10 - 5$	$1.311 T 2 - 1.364 × 103 T + 4.023 × 105$	$1.071 × 10 - 5 T 2 - 8.295 × 10 - 3 T + 2.625$	1.4 × 1.4 × 1.6
n型热电腿	$7.393 × 10 - 11 T 2 - 2.500 × 10 - 7 T - 8.494 × 10 - 5$	$0.657 T 2 - 7.136 × 102 T + 2.463 × 105$	$1.870 × 10 - 5 T 2 - 1.447 × 10 - 2 T + 3.680$	1.4 × 1.4 × 1.6
铜电极	-	5.998×10⁷	400	3.8 × 1.4 × 0.2
陶瓷板	-	-	22	40 × 40 × 0.7

表2

表3

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

参考文献 22

[1]	LIU J, YADAV S, SALMAN M, et al. Review of thermal coupled battery models and parameter identification for lithium-ion battery heat generation in EV battery thermal management system [J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2024, 218: 124748.
[2]	OSMANI K, ALKHEDHER M, RAMADAN M, et al. Recent progress in the thermal management of lithium-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 389: 136024.
[3]	YU K, LIU P, XU B, et al. Warning lithium-ion battery thermal runaway with 4-min relaxation voltage [J]. Applied Energy, 2025, 377: 124466.
[4]	AFRAZ M V, ALI MOHAMMADI Z, KARIMI G. A novel compact thermal management model for performance evaluation of tesla-like lithium-ion battery packs [J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2024, 300: 117927.
[5]	GAO C, SONG K, HE R, et al. Improving the thermal-hydraulic performance of air-cooled battery thermal management system by flow splitters [J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 101: 113818.
[6]	WU C, SUN Y, TANG H, et al. A review on the liquid cooling thermal management system of lithium-ion batteries [J]. Applied Energy, 2024, 375: 124173.
[7]	BERNAGOZZI M, GEORGOULAS A, MICHé N, et al. Heat pipes in battery thermal management systems for electric vehicles: A critical review [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 219: 119495.
[8]	LUO D, WU H, CAO J, et al. Numerical investigation of a battery thermal management system integrated with vapor chamber and thermoelectric refrigeration [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 434: 140089.
[9]	QIN Z, YIN C, ZHANG W, et al. Research on cooperative thermal management of air conditioning system and battery liquid cooling system for pure electric vehicle [J]. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2025, 72: 106385.
[10]	YOON C-O, LEE P-Y, JANG M, et al. Comparison of internal parameters varied by environmental tests between high-power series/parallel battery packs with different shapes [J]. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2019, 71: 260-9.
[11]	LI H, SAINI A, LIU C, et al. Electrochemical and thermal characteristics of prismatic lithium-ion battery based on a three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal coupled model [J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, 42: 102976.
[12]	SUN Y, BAI R, MA J. Design and thermal analysis of a new topological cooling plate for prismatic lithium battery thermal management [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 219: 119547.
[13]	ALQAED S, MUSTAFA J, ALMEHMADI F A, et al. Thermal management of a prismatic lithium battery pack with organic phase change material [J]. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2023, 148: 104886.
[14]	AN Z, GAO W, ZHANG J, et al. Enhancing heat dissipation of thermal management system utilizing modular dual bionic cold plates for prismatic lithium batteries [J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 87: 111541.
[15]	MOUSAVI S, ZADEHKABIR A, SIAVASHI M, et al. An improved hybrid thermal management system for prismatic Li-ion batteries integrated with mini-channel and phase change materials [J]. Applied Energy, 2023, 334: 120643.
[16]	CUI X, HU T. Robust predictive thermal management strategy for lithium-ion battery based on thermoelectric cooler [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 221: 119833.
[17]	LYU Y, SIDDIQUE A R M, MAJID S H, et al. Electric vehicle battery thermal management system with thermoelectric cooling [J]. Energy Reports, 2019, 5: 822-7.
[18]	LUO D, LI Z, YAN Y, et al. Performance analysis and optimization of an annular thermoelectric generator integrated with vapor chambers [J]. Energy, 2024, 307: 132565.
[19]	LIU X, WU P-Y, SU C-Q, et al. Li-ion battery thermal management and thermal runaway suppression method of combining phase change material and annular thermoelectric cooler [J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 82: 110564.
[20]	HU Q, LUO D, GUO J, et al. Broad Temperature Plateau for High Thermoelectric Properties of n-Type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 by 3D Printing-Driven Defect Engineering [J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2023, 15(1): 1296-304.
[21]	LIU X, ZHANG C-F, ZHOU J-G, et al. Thermal performance of battery thermal management system using fins to enhance the combination of thermoelectric Cooler and phase change Material [J]. Applied Energy 2022, 322: 119503.
[22]	HAMISI C M, GERUTU G B, GREYSON K A, et al. Thermal behavior of lithium-ion battery under variation of convective heat transfer coefficients, surrounding temperatures, and charging currents [J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2022, 80: 104922.

属性	铝	均热板^[18]	电池^[19]
密度/kg·m^-3	2700	8978	1838.2
比热容/J·kg^-1·K^-1	900	381	1150
热导率/W·m^-1·K^-1	237	4000	15.3, 15.3, 0.9 (k_x, k_y, k_z )

网格密度	最大温度/^oC	温差/^oC
997936	28.29	5.07
1254724	28.26	5.02
1630848	27.56	4.99
2044222	27.51	4.98