热能存储及转化技术进展与展望

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0530

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

能量的消耗、转换与利用伴随着人类社会的各种生产及生活活动。随着社会的持续发展，世界范围内的能源危机与环境污染问题对能源的高效合理利用及存储技术提出了更高要求。热能是最常见及最重要的能量形式，深入分析目前热能的主要来源、利用、存储方式及特点，促进热能的合理高效利用对当代社会的可持续发展至关重要。本文主要从热能来源形式及利用现状、热能的存储技术、热能的主要转换路径及技术三方面出发，对当前热能的存储利用技术及现状进行了综述。发掘新型绿色可持续发展的热能资源，结合各种热能的特点，采用不同的转换及存储技术，实现高效绿色利用的最终目标；同时开发新的热能存储材料及技术，如热化学储热等，结合新型高效的热能转化技术，使得热能的利用朝着更加科学合理的方向发展。

关键词: 热转换技术, 储能存储, 热能利用, 热电转换

Abstract:

The consumption, conversion, and utilization of energy are accompanied by human society's various production and life activities. With the continuous development of society, the worldwide energy crisis and environmental pollution are causing higher requirements for the efficient and rational application of energy and storage technology. Heat energy is the most common and vital form of energy. Upon deeply analyzing the primary sources, utilization and storage methods and characteristics of heat energy are essential to promote the rational and efficient use of heat energy and contribute to the sustainable development of contemporary society. This paper summarizes the current storage and technologies of heat energy from three aspects: the source form and operation status of heat energy, storage technology of heat energy, and main conversion path and heat energy technology. The ultimate goal is to explore new; green; and sustainable thermal energy resources, combine the characteristics of various thermal energy, and adopt various energy conversion and storage technologies to realize the efficient and green deployment of energy. At the same time, the development of new thermal energy storage materials and technologies, such as thermochemical heat storage, combined with new and efficient thermal energy conversion technology, causes the application of thermal energy to develop in a more scientific and reasonable direction.

Key words: thermal conversion, thermal energy storage, thermal energy utilization, thermoelectric conversion

中图分类号:

O 646

李拴魁, 林原, 潘锋. 热能存储及转化技术进展与展望[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(5): 1551-1562.

Shuankui LI, Yuan LIN, Feng PAN. Research progress in thermal energy storage and conversion technology[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1551-1562.

图/表 9

图1

表1

热能获取方式及转换装置"

转换路径	转换装置
太阳能、光 $→$ 热能	黑体，光吸收体
电 $→$ 热能	电阻发热
化学能 $→$ 热能	燃烧器
核能 $→$ 热能	核反应堆
地热能 $→$ 热能	热交换器
低品位热能 $→$ 热能	热泵

表1

表2

表3

表4

常见化学储热体系的储能密度及温度[23, 58-60]"

热化学储热材料体系	反应化学式	反应温度/℃	材料储能密度/(kWh/m³)
金属氧化物	$2 B a O 2 ⇌ 2 B a O + O 2$	400～700	745
金属氧化物	$2 C o 3 O 4 ⇌ 6 C o O + O 2$	800～1000	295
金属氢化物	$M g H 2 ⇌ M g + H 2$	200～500	580
金属氢氧化物	$C a (O H) 2 ⇌ C a O + H 2 O$	350～900	437
金属氢氧化物	$M g (O H) 2 ⇌ M g O + H 2 O$	250～450	388
碳酸盐	$C a C O 3 ⇌ C a O + C O 2$	700～1000	692
碳酸盐	$P b C O 3 ⇌ P b O + C O 2$	300～1457	303
氨化学体系	$2 N H 4 H S O 4 ⇌ N H 3 + H O 2 + S O 3$	420～1000	863
氨化学体系	$N H 3 + ∆ H ⇌ 1 / 2 N 2 + 3 / 2 H 2$	400～700	745
甲烷重整	$C H 4 + C O 2 ⇌ 2 C O + 2 H 2$	700～860	7.7
	$C H 4 + H O 2 ⇌ C O + 3 H 2$	600～950	7.8
	$C 6 H 12 ⇌ C 6 H 6 + 3 H 2$	300～400	530
三氧化硫体系	$2 S O 3 ⇌ S O 2 + O 2$	500～1000	646

表4

表5

表6

热能转换利用路径"

转换路径	转换装置
热能 $→$ 机械能	热机
热能 $→$ 电	热电
热能 $→$ 化学能	热反应器
热能 $→$ 光	黑体辐射

表6

图2

图3

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类型	储热材料	工作温度/℃	平均密度/(kg/m³)	平均热导率/[W/(m·K]	平均比热容/[kJ/(kg·℃)]	储能密度/(kWh/m³)	蓄热成本/[$/(kWh)]
固体材料	混凝土	200～400	2200	1.5	0.85	100	1
	氯化钠	200～500	2160	7.0	0.85	150	2
	铸铁	200～400	7200	37	0.56	160	32
	耐火硅砖	200～700	1820	1.5	1.00	150	7.0
	耐火镁砖	200～1200	3000	7.0	1.15	600	6.0
液体材料	矿物油	200～300	770	0.12	2.6	55	4.2
	硅油	300～400	900	0.1	2.1	52	80
	硝酸盐	265～565	1870	0.52	250	250	3.7
	液态钠	270～530	850	71	80	80	21

类型	储热材料	相变温度/℃	相变潜热/(J/g)	材料密度/(g/cm³)	材料储能密度/(kWh/m³)
有机类	聚乙烯	125.0	210～230	0.962	56.1～61.4
	新戊二醇	44.1	116.5	1.06	34.3
	石蜡(C_nH_2n+2)	75.9	170～269	约0.9	37.7～67.0
	硬脂酸(18)	69.4	199	0.9	49.75

熔融盐类	NaNO₃/KNO₃(70/30)	220～260	145	约2.2	88.6
熔融盐类	KNO₃/Mg(NO₃)(20/10)	195.68	59.2	约1.6	26.3

合金类	56Si-44Mg	946	757	1.90	399.5
	49Al-51Si	579	515	2.25	321.9
	78.55Ga-21.45In	15.7	69.7	6.197	120.0
	60Sn-40Bi	138～170	44.4	8.12	100.1

储热类型	显热储热	潜热储热	化学储热
储热密度/(GW/m³)	低(约0.2)	中(0.3～0.5)	高(0.5～3.0)
储热周期	短	短	理论上无限长
现状	工业应用阶段	实验阶段	实验室阶段
优点	成本低、技术成熟	系统体积小	热损失小
缺点	设备庞大、热损失大	热损较大、设备腐蚀	低热导率、成本高、要求严苛
技术复杂度	简单	中等	复杂

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