电池无损检测监测方法分析

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0081

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

电池作为可以实现能源时空调节的器件，是优化能源应用、提高能源综合使用效率的最佳方法之一。随着储能需求的增加及大规模储能系统的广泛应用，高能量密度、长循环寿命的电池成为当前研究的重点。然而，随着电池性能的提升，其安全性问题也日益凸显，电池安全事故往往与电池的有机电解液体系易燃易爆属性、大电流充放电而诱发的热蓄积、电池单体结构以及模组的热电环控技术紧密关联。无损的表征手段可最大限度避免外界干扰，在真实的环境和使用工况下对电池实施原位检测分析，从而更清晰准确地表达和监测电池使役行为，获得电池的反应瞬态和健康状态等关键信息，精准分析电池热失控、寿命衰减等性能衍变规律和反应原理，进一步指导电极材料的制备、电池结构的设计及模组控制，提升电池的安全性和可靠性。本综述对近些年报道的电池无损检测监测表征方法进行了梳理，包括传感器、磁共振、X射线、中子散射、超声波检测、拉曼散射技术等，分别阐述了其原理、应用方式及获取信息的特征，并对各表征技术进行了综合比较，尤其是电池数据的互为支撑关系，为深入探究电池在不同工况下的内部微结构演变与电性能、安全性等的关系提供方法和技术手段，提高电池使用效能，为电池事故预警和寿命预警机制的建立提供支撑。

关键词: 无损检测, 原位表征, 电池, 性能衍变, 预警

Abstract:

As a technology that can adjust energy, time, and space, batteries are one of the best ways to optimize energy applications and improve the comprehensive efficiency of energy use. With the increasing demand for energy storage and the wide application of large-scale energy storage systems, batteries with high-energy density and long-cycle life have become a current research focus. However, with the improved battery performance, its safety has become increasingly a concern. Battery accidents are often closely related to the flammable and explosive properties of organic electrolytes, heat accumulation induced by high current charging and discharging, battery monomer structure, and the thermoelectric loop control technology of modules. Nondestructive characterization means are used to accurately analyze the battery performance evolution, such as thermal runaway and life attenuation. These techniques can considerably avoid external interference and conduct insitu detection and analysis of the battery under the real environment and operating conditions to express and monitor the battery service behavior clearly and accurately. Thus, critical information, such as the reaction principle and the health state of the battery, can be derived. Furthermore, preparing electrode materials and designing and grouping battery structures improve the safety and reliability of the battery. Herein, the recently reported battery nondestructive testing, monitoring, and characterization methods are reviewed, including sensor, magnetic resonance, X-ray, neutron scattering, ultrasonic detection, and Raman scattering. These methods help to describe their principles, application methods, and characteristics of information acquisition, making a comprehensive comparison of each characterization technology, especially the mutually supportive relationship of battery data. It provides methods and technical means to deeply explore the relationship between the internal microstructure evolution, electrical performance, and battery safety under different working conditions, which gradually improve the battery efficiency and support the establishment of battery accident warning and life warning mechanisms.

Key words: non-destructive testing, in-situ characterization, battery, evolution of performance, warning

中图分类号:

TM 911

郝奕帆, 祝夏雨, 王静, 邱景义, 明海, 方振华. 电池无损检测监测方法分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(5): 1713-1737.

Yifan HAO, Xiayu ZHU, Jing WANG, Jingyi QIU, Hai MING, Zhenhua FANG. Analysis of battery nondestructive testing and monitoring methods[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(5): 1713-1737.

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电池无损检测监测方法		适用研究场景及特点	面临的挑战
传感器技术	电压传感器、温度传感器、气体传感器、光纤传感器	传感器以嵌入方式植入单体电池内部，实时监测电压、温度、释放的气体和应变等参数	单体电池异常情况对于大电池组变化细微，难以有效警示；在电池内部恶劣环境下，传感器监测精度和寿命受到一定影响
磁共振技术	核磁共振技术(NMR)、电子顺磁共振技术(EPR)	可以对金属进行定性和(半)定量检测；监测电极、电解质分解及其界面上原子核周围的局部电子环境等	低分辨率；仅根据NMR光谱化学位移对锂沉积物微观结构性质定性分析不充分
X射线技术	X射线吸收光谱(XAS)、X射线计算机断层扫描技术(CT)	定性定量地分析电极组件材料元素组成、电子态以及微观结构、界面相互作用等	时间分辨率低；对轻元素(锂、氧、钠)不敏感
中子散射技术		穿透力强，可从原子尺度研究材料物质结构和动态特性；对锂、钠、氧等轻元素敏感	散射低通量、亮度低
其他技术	超声波检测技术	通过声波变化较为灵敏地持续无损监测电极材料的机械性能和结构变化	超声检测设备较大，难以与电池组组装
其他技术	拉曼散射技术	定性定量检测电极材料结构变化以及样品浓度	时间分辨率差；难以在液体电解质中成像离子传输过程

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