纯电动SUV汽车火灾数值模拟分析

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0762

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以三元锂电池单体为点火源，综合考虑座椅、门板内饰、轮胎等车内可燃物对热传递的影响，搭建某纯电动SUV汽车整车模型并进行整车火灾燃烧数值模拟，探究由于动力电池热失控引发的纯电动SUV整车火灾燃烧特性、燃烧进程火焰传播及驾驶舱烟雾分析。结果表明，在没有灭火措施的情况下，由电池组引发的整车燃烧可划分为电池包内热扩散、车厢内可燃物燃烧及整车全面燃烧三个阶段，在仿真约35 s后，底盘出现肉眼可见的火焰并逐渐蔓延至整车，且其热传播从底盘向前蔓延的速度大于向后蔓延的速度，起火过程伴随大量烟雾产生。整车温度呈现为汽车底部和两头温度高中间温度较低的情况，汽车电池包位置温度最高，前动力舱次之，后动力舱相对温度最低，燃烧过程产生的峰值热释放速率为5100 kW，最高温度超过800 ℃。对驾驶员位置进行烟气浓度探测，发现烟气在火灾发生后第15 s进入并在10 s内完全覆盖乘员舱，威胁人员生命安全。本研究探究了纯电动SUV汽车燃烧火灾特性及关键时间节点，有助于深入认识三元锂电池及纯电动汽车热危害性，为人员逃生及消防提供参考。

关键词: 纯电动SUV, 三元锂电池, 燃烧特性, 火势蔓延, 烟气

Abstract:

The combustion characteristics of an electric sports utility vehicle in a fire caused by thermal runaway of power battery was simulated. The ternary lithium battery was considered to be the ignition source. Furthermore, flame propagation during the combustion process was studied, and cockpit smoke analysis was conducted considering the influence of internal combustibles such as seats, door panel interior decoration, and tires on heat transfer. The results revealed that vehicle combustion caused by the battery pack can be categorized into three stages, namely heat diffusion in the battery pack, fuel combustion in the carriage, and full vehicle combustion. In the simulation, after approximately 35 s, visible flames appeared in the chassis and gradually spread over the vehicle. The speed of heat propagation from the chassis was greater than that of the backward spread. Furthermore, the fire process was accompanied by considerable smoke. The temperature of the vehicle was high at the bottom and two ends but low in the middle of the vehicle. The temperature of that of the car battery pack was the highest, followed by the front power cabin, and the temperature of the rear power cabin was the lowest. The peak heat release rate generated during the combustion process was 5100 kW, and the maximum temperature exceeded 800 ℃. Smoke analysis revealed that the smoke entered the cabin 15 s after the fire broke out and completely covered the crew cabin within 10 s, which threatened the safety of personnel. The combustion and fire characteristics and critical time nodes of electric SUV vehicles can help understand the thermal hazards of ternary lithium batteries and electric vehicles and can be used as a reference for designing personnel escape strategies and fire protection design.

Key words: pure electric SUV, ternary lithium battery, combustion characteristics, fire spread, smoke

中图分类号:

U 492.83

郭琦琳, 陶亮宇, 马哲树, 顾永明, 王钰婷. 纯电动SUV汽车火灾数值模拟分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(3): 1000-1008.

Qilin GUO, Liangyu TAO, Zheshu MA, Yongming GU, Yuting WANG. Numerical simulation analysis of combustion of electric sport utility vehicles[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(3): 1000-1008.

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名称	材料	密度/(kg/m³)	导热系数/[W/(m∙K)]	比热容/[J/(kg·K)]	点燃温度/℃	燃烧热/(kJ/kg)
电池	电解液^[19]	1290	0.45	133.9	110	13200

座椅	聚氨酯软泡^[20]	28	0.05	1	350	30000
门板内饰	聚氨酯软泡^[20]	28	0.05	1	350	30000

仪表盘及底板	PVC^[20]	1380	0.16	1.4	507	19000

机舱管线	橡胶^[20]	950	0.134	1.88	350	32000
轮胎	橡胶^[20]	950	0.134	1.88	350	32000

位置	坐标(X, Y, Z)
电池包	(0，-0.6,0.19)
驾驶员头部	(0.4,-0.1,1.6)
驾驶员地板	(0.4，-0.5,0.5)
前动力舱	(0,-1.5,0.8)
后动力舱	(0,1.6,0.5)
左前驾车窗内侧热传感器	(0.4，-0.2,1.5)
左前驾车窗外侧热传感器	(0.8，-0.2,1.5)

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