磁场分选在废旧锂电池正负极材料回收中的应用

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.1049

储能科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (5): 1918-1927.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.1049

磁场分选在废旧锂电池正负极材料回收中的应用

陈英健¹(), 吴尚¹, 曹元成², 杜宝帅³, 王振兴¹, 欧阳钟文¹, 汤舜²()

^1.华中科技大学，国家脉冲强磁场科学中心
^2.华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院，强电磁工程与新技术国家重点实验室，湖北武汉 430074
^3.国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院，山东济南 250003

收稿日期:2024-11-08 修回日期:2025-01-03 出版日期:2025-05-28 发布日期:2025-05-21
通讯作者: 汤舜 E-mail:yjchen0001@hust.edu.cn;shuntang@hust.edu.cn
作者简介:陈英健（2000—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为凝聚态物理和化学，E-mail：yjchen0001@hust.edu.cn；
基金资助:
国家电网有限公司总部管理科技项目(5419-202199554A-0-5-ZN)

Application of magnetic separation in the recycling of cathode and anode materials from spent lithium batteries

Yingjian CHEN¹(), Shang WU¹, Yuancheng CAO², Baoshuai DU³, Zhenxing WANG¹, Zhongwen OUYANG¹, Shun TANG²()

^1.Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center
^2.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
^3.State Grid Shandong Electric Power Research Institute, Jinan 250003, Shandong, China

Received:2024-11-08 Revised:2025-01-03 Online:2025-05-28 Published:2025-05-21
Contact: Shun TANG E-mail:yjchen0001@hust.edu.cn;shuntang@hust.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着电动汽车、移动通讯和储能行业的快速发展，废旧锂离子电池的数量逐年增加。这些废旧电池中的正负极材料含有Co、Li、石墨等高价值资源，其回收利用对于资源的再生和环境保护具有重要意义。传统的火法和湿法回收工艺尽管有效，但往往存在能耗高、污染严重、回收流程长的问题。磁场分选技术作为一种绿色、高效的分离方法，通过利用材料间物理性质的差异来实现分离，常与其他回收工艺融合使用，在废旧锂电池正负极材料回收中具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了磁场分选技术在废旧锂电池回收中的应用现状，重点分析了近年来发展的高梯度磁选、涡流分选、湿式磁选等磁场分选方法在回收工艺中的基本原理和具体应用，并总结各技术在材料分离、金属杂质去除中的作用和效果。同时，本文也指出了当前磁场分离技术在大规模产业化应用中面临的挑战，如磁场强度不足、设备集成度不高、适应性差等问题，并对未来发展趋势进行了展望，推动废旧锂电池材料回收的绿色化、闭环化发展。

关键词: 废旧锂电池, 正负极材料, 磁分选, 回收

Abstract:

The rapid growth of industries like electric vehicles, mobile communications, and energy storage has led to a significant yearly increase in spent lithium batteries. These batteries contain high-value materials such as cobalt, lithium, and graphite, making their recycling essential for resource regeneration and environmental protection. Traditional recycling methods, including pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes, are effective but are often associated with high energy consumption, severe pollution, and lengthy recovery procedures. Magnetic separation technology offers a a green and efficient alternative for recycling, leveraging the physical property differences between materials to achieve separation. Frequently integrated with other recycling techniques, it shows great potential for recovering cathode and anode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries. This paper reviews the current applications of magnetic separation technology in battery recycling, highlighting the fundamental principles behind methods such as high-gradient magnetic separation, eddy current separation, and wet magnetic separation. It also examines how these technologies contribute to material separation and metal impurity removal. Challenges in scaling up magnetic separation technologies for industrial applications are also discussed, such as limitations in magnetic field strength, low levels of equipment integration, and limited adaptability to battery compositions. Finally, this paper provides insights into future development trends aimed at promoting green and closed-loop recycling of spent lithium-ion battery materials.

Key words: spent lithium-ion batteries, cathode and anode materials, magnetic separation, recycling

中图分类号:

TK 09

陈英健, 吴尚, 曹元成, 杜宝帅, 王振兴, 欧阳钟文, 汤舜. 磁场分选在废旧锂电池正负极材料回收中的应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(5): 1918-1927.

Yingjian CHEN, Shang WU, Yuancheng CAO, Baoshuai DU, Zhenxing WANG, Zhongwen OUYANG, Shun TANG. Application of magnetic separation in the recycling of cathode and anode materials from spent lithium batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(5): 1918-1927.

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回收方法	适用范围	环境影响	工艺特点	经济成本	参考文献
高梯度磁选	通过强磁场分离弱磁性和非磁性物质，适合分离含Co、Ni等顺磁性材料，但对非磁性材料效果有限	物理分离过程，无废水、废气排放，对环境友好。能耗高，有噪声污染	分选精度高，但回收率易受粒径和形状影响	投资成本高，能耗较大	[19, 21, 24-25]

湿式磁选	该方法通常包括氧化、还原、沉淀等物理化学处理步骤，用于改变物料的磁性，随后结合磁选法进行分离。可用于回收弱磁性或非磁性材料以及复杂的废料组合	回收过程中要消耗大量化学试剂，并且会产生废水、废气等污染物	回收率高，不受物料粒径、形状等物理特性的影响	成本和运行成本适中，但废水处理费用和设备的耐腐蚀性维护成本较高	[26-29]

涡流分选	基于电磁感应，通过涡流力分离高导电性金属和低导电性材料，适合回收正负极材料中的Al和Cu杂质	属于物理分离方法，无化学试剂参与，对环境污染小，能耗高，有噪声污染	通过永磁体产生交变磁场，磁场大小有限，对于粒径较小的物料分选效果不明显	成本较低，自动化程度高，适合大规模回收作业	[30, 32-33, 35-36]

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磁场分选在废旧锂电池正负极材料回收中的应用

Application of magnetic separation in the recycling of cathode and anode materials from spent lithium batteries

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