计及SOH的全钒液流电池并联控制策略

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0090

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

传统下垂控制策略忽略了储能系统的健康状态(state of health, SOH)，无法保证SOH的均衡，甚至可能加剧SOH的差异。为了确保直流微电网的稳定运行并维持储能系统内部的功率平衡，需要结合储能模块的健康状态(SOH)，制定并联储能系统的控制策略。本工作在现有下垂控制策略基础上提出了一种计及SOH的改进下垂法作为并联储能系统控制策略，并且引入了二次补偿环节减少母线压降，建立了改进下垂控制模型，探究了采用二次补偿环节维持系统电压稳定方面的有效性和幂指数n对功率平衡速度的影响，通过MATLAB/Simulink仿真证明了该策略在全钒液流电池并联储能系统中的有效性，为提升直流微网储能系统管理的准确性和效率提供了有效途径。

关键词: 全钒液流电池, 下垂控制, SOH, 并联控制

Abstract:

The traditional droop control strategy for energy storage systems does not consider the state of health (SOH); thus, it does not ensure SOH balance and may intensify disparities among modules. To ensure the stable operation of DC microgrids and maintain power balance in energy storage systems, there is a need for a control strategy for parallel energy storage systems that incorporates the SOH of the storage modules. Herein, we propose an improved droop control method that considers SOH as a control strategy for parallel energy storage systems. The proposed method employs a secondary compensation mechanism to reduce bus voltage drop. Furthermore, we developed an improved droop control model. We evaluated the effectiveness of the secondary compensation mechanism in maintaining system voltage stability and examined the impact of the exponential factor n on the speed of power balancing. The proposed strategy was validated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations, demonstrating its effectiveness in vanadium flow battery (VFB) parallel energy storage systems. This study provides a promising approach for improving the accuracy and efficiency of energy storage system management in DC microgrids.

Key words: vanadium flow battery, droop control, SOH, parallel control

中图分类号:

TP 91

张红, 李金中, 李鑫, 张媛. 计及SOH的全钒液流电池并联控制策略[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(6): 2442-2450.

Hong ZHANG, Jinzhong LI, Xin LI, Yuan ZHANG. Parallel control of vanadium flow battery considering state of health[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(6): 2442-2450.

图/表 17

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

表1

并联系统仿真参数"

参数名称	参数值	参数名称	参数值
SOC₁初始值	0.9	变换器功率/kW	6
SOC₂初始值	0.8	变换器开关频率/kHz	10
SOC₃初始值	0.7	电容 $C 1 、 C 2 / μ F$	3900
VFB功率/kW	6	变换器电感 $L / m H$	2
线阻 $R l i n e 1 / Ω$	0.8	母线电压 $U r e f / V$	200
线阻 $R l i n e 2 / Ω$	1	负载额定功率/kW	12
线阻 $R l i n e 3 / Ω$	1.2	负载电阻 $R l o a d / Ω$	3.33

表1

图7

图8

图9

图10

图11

图12

图13

图14

图15

表2

参考文献 26

1	李鑫, 李建林, 邱亚, 等. 全钒液流电池储能系统建模与控制技术[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2020.
	LI X, LI J L, QIU Y, et al. Modeling and control technology of energy storage system for all vanadium redox flow battery[M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2020.
2	邵军康, 李鑫, 邱亚, 等. 全钒液流电池多场耦合建模研究[J]. 高电压技术, 2021, 47(5): 1881-1891. DOI: 10.13336/j.1003-6520.hve. 20200664.
	SHAO J K, LI X, QIU Y, et al. Multi-field coupling modeling of vanadium redox battery[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2021, 47(5): 1881-1891. DOI: 10.13336/j.1003-6520.hve.20200664.
3	李建林, 张则栋, 谭宇良, 等. 碳中和目标下储能发展前景综述[J]. 电气时代, 2022(1): 61-65.
	LI J L, ZHANG Z D, TAN Y L, et al. Review on the development prospect of energy storage under the goal of carbon neutrality[J]. Electric Age, 2022(1): 61-65.
4	张汀, 雷勇, 王小昔. 考虑SOC均衡的直流微网储能系统控制策略研究[J]. 电源技术, 2023, 47(8): 1099-1104.
	ZHANG T, LEI Y, WANG X X. Research on control strategy of DC microgrid energy storage system considering SOC equilibrium[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2023, 47(8): 1099-1104.
5	张爱芳, 魏邦达, 李卓昊, 等. 全钒液流电池建模及SOC在线估计研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(3): 1036-1049. DOI: 10. 19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0734.
	ZHANG A F, WEI B D, LI Z H, et al. Research progress on modeling and SOC online estimation of vanadium redox-flow batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(3): 1036-1049. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0734.
6	张华民. 液流电池技术[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2015.
	ZHANG H M. Flow battery technology[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2015.
7	ALOTTO P, GUARNIERI M, MORO F. Redox flow batteries for the storage of renewable energy: A review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 29: 325-335. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.001.
8	方炜, 徐朋, 刘晓东, 等. 基于SoC均衡的直流微网储能系统负荷动态分配控制[J]. 电工技术, 2018(9): 20-23. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn. 1002-1388.2018.09.006.
	FANG W, XU P, LIU X D, et al. Dynamic load distribution control of energy storage systems in DC microgrid based on state-of-charge balance[J]. Electric Engineering, 2018(9): 20-23. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-1388.2018.09.006.
9	NAMBAFU G S, SIDDHARTH K, ZHANG C, et al. An organic bifunctional redox active material for symmetric aqueous redox flow battery[J]. Nano Energy, 2021, 89: 106422. DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106422.
10	张爽, 许伽宁, 张蓉蓉, 等. 全钒液流电池健康状态(SOH)特性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(12): 4022-4029. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki. 2095-4239.2022.0409.
	ZHANG S, XU J N, ZHANG R R, et al. State-of-health characteristics of all-vanadium redox flow batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(12): 4022-4029. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0409.
11	邵军康, 李鑫, 莫言青, 等. 全钒液流电池建模与流量特性分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2020, 9(2): 645-655. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2019.0215.
	SHAO J K, LI X, MO Y Q, et al. Analysis of modeling and flow characteristics of vanadium redox flow battery[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(2): 645-655. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2019.0215.
12	朱珊珊, 汪飞, 郭慧, 等. 直流微电网下垂控制技术研究综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2018, 38(1): 72-84, 344. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.171408.
	ZHU S S, WANG F, GUO H, et al. Overview of droop control in DC microgrid[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2018, 38(1): 72-84, 344. DOI: 10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.171408.
13	金国彬, 罗安, 陈燕东, 等. 基于P-V下垂系数修正的并联逆变器输出功率成比例分配实现[J]. 电工技术学报, 2016, 31(2): 112-120. DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.2016.02.015.
	JIN G B, LUO A, CHEN Y D, et al. Proportional load sharing for parallel inverter systems based on modified P-V droop coefficient[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2016, 31(2): 112-120. DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.2016.02.015.
14	LU X N, GUERRERO J M, SUN K, et al. An improved droop control method for DC microgrids based on low bandwidth communication with DC bus voltage restoration and enhanced current sharing accuracy[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2014, 29(4): 1800-1812. DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2013. 2266419.
15	李军, 刘小壮, 张玉琼, 等. 基于自适应下垂算法的直流微电网功率精确分配和母线电压偏差优化控制[J]. 电力电容器与无功补偿, 2021, 42(3): 164-169. DOI: 10.14044/j.1674-1757.pcrpc.2021. 03.026.
	LI J, LIU X Z, ZHANG Y Q, et al. Accurate power distribution and bus voltage deviation optimization control of DC microgrid based on adaptive droop algorithm[J]. Power Capacitor & Reactive Power Compensation, 2021, 42(3): 164-169. DOI: 10.14044/j. 1674-1757.pcrpc.2021.03.026.
16	王宇轩, 胡毅, 常忆雯, 等. 直流微网基于蓄电池荷电状态的改进下垂控制[J]. 信息技术与信息化, 2021(2): 150-152. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-9528.2021.02.053.
	WANG Y X, HU Y, CHANG Y W, et al. Improved sag control of DC microgrid based on battery state of charge[J]. Information Technology and Informatization, 2021(2): 150-152. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-9528.2021.02.053.
17	郎佳红, 程秋铭, 张泽, 等. 光储型微网中基于SOC的下垂控制的研究[J]. 工业控制计算机, 2020, 33(10): 134-136.
	LANG J H, CHENG Q M, ZHANG Z, et al. Research on SOC-based droop control in optical storage microgrid[J]. Industrial Control Computer, 2020, 33(10): 134-136.
18	OLIVEIRA T R, GONÇALVES SILVA W W A, DONOSO-GARCIA P F. Distributed secondary level control for energy storage management in DC microgrids[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2017, 8(6): 2597-2607. DOI: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2531503.
19	韦佐霖, 陈民铀, 李杰, 等. 孤岛微网中分布式储能SOC和效率均衡控制策略[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2018, 38(4): 169-177. DOI: 10. 16081/j.issn.1006-6047.2018.04.025.
	WEI Z L, CHEN M Y, LI J, et al. Balancing control strategy of SOC and efficiency for distributed energy storage in islanded microgrid[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2018, 38(4): 169-177. DOI: 10.16081/j.issn.1006-6047.2018.04.025.
20	卢志刚, 苗泽裕, 蔡瑶. 考虑时变线阻的多储能SOC稳定均衡控制策略[J]. 高电压技术, 2024, 50(1): 127-137. DOI: 10.13336/j.1003-6520.hve.20230066.
	LU Z G, MIAO Z Y, CAI Y. Stable equilibrium control strategy for multi-energy storage SOC considering time-varying linear resistance[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2024, 50(1): 127-137. DOI: 10. 13336/j.1003-6520.hve.20230066.
21	张华, 苏学能, 万承宽. 直流配电网中多退役电池储能组并联的协调控制[J]. 南方电网技术, 2022, 16(4): 132-140. DOI: 10.13648/j.cnki.issn1674-0629.2022.04.015.
	ZHANG H, SU X N, WAN C K. Coordinated control of multi-paralleled retired battery-based energy storage banks in DC distribution network[J]. Southern Power System Technology, 2022, 16(4): 132-140. DOI: 10.13648/j.cnki.issn1674-0629.2022. 04.015.
22	李楠. 储能型模块化多电平变换器控制方法研究[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2018.
	LI N. Control methods of modular multilevel converter based battery energy storage system[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2018.
23	马展. 并网型模块化电池储能系统的管理与控制[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2021. DOI: 10.27272/d.cnki.gshdu.2021.005909.
	MA Z. Management and control of grid-tied modular battery energy storage systems[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2021. DOI: 10.27272/d.cnki.gshdu.2021.005909.
24	陈薇, 侯杨成, 张里, 等. 计及损耗的钒电池储能系统功率优化分配策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2020, 35(19): 4038-4047. DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.200122.
	CHEN W, HOU Y C, ZHANG L, et al. Power optimization allocation strategy for vanadium battery energy storage system considering loss[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2020, 35(19): 4038-4047. DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.200122.
25	邱亚, 李鑫, 陈薇, 等. 基于RLS和EKF算法的全钒液流电池SOC估计[J]. 控制与决策, 2018, 33(1): 37-44. DOI: 10.13195/j.kzyjc. 2016.1346.
	QIU Y, LI X, CHEN W, et al. Vanadium redox battery SOC estimation based on RLS and EKF algorithm[J]. Control and Decision, 2018, 33(1): 37-44. DOI: 10.13195/j.kzyjc.2016.1346.
26	陈薇, 黄钰笛, 李鑫, 等. 基于改进平均电流控制的并联储能系统均流方法[J]. 太阳能学报, 2021, 42(5): 83-90. DOI: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2018-1427.
	CHEN W, HUANG Y D, LI X, et al. Current sharing method for parallel energy storage system based on modified average current scheme[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2021, 42(5): 83-90. DOI: 10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2018-1427.

[1]	樊慧敏, 彭浩鸿, 孟辉, 唐梦宏, 易昊昊, 丁静, 刘金成, 徐成善, 冯旭宁. 储能电池模组膨胀力特性研究及仿真分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(6): 2488-2497.
[2]	段永龙, 滑夏, 韩子娇, 谢冰, 胡姝博, 李爱魁. 全钒液流电池容量衰减与抑制技术研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(6): 2540-2554.
[3]	史小虎, 黄怡馨, 邹涛, 袁依婷. 星形交联剂交联的磺化聚苯并咪唑膜的制备及其在全钒液流电池中的应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(4): 1377-1385.
[4]	叶涛, 王怡君, 唐子龙, 潘国梁. 全钒液流电池电解液容量衰减及草酸恢复研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(3): 1177-1186.
[5]	董文琦, 张东晖, 曹一凡, 宁照轩, 姜新建, 李明, 史学伟. 新型惯量飞轮与高速飞轮参与电网惯性响应与一次调频的控制策略[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(3): 1224-1233.
[6]	李跃林, 刘祉妤, 郭森, 刘晓君, 张蓬亮, 王程程, 梁原, 王锐. 全钒液流电池的电极结构研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(2): 601-612.
[7]	王泓, 张开悦. 全钒液流电池碳毡电极的热处理活化研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(2): 488-496.
[8]	徐冉, 王宝冬, 王绍亮, 张琦, 张磊, 冯子洋. 杂原子掺杂电极用于全钒液流电池中的研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(6): 1849-1860.
[9]	戴纹硕, 郭骞远, 陈向南, 张华民, 马相坤. 全钒液流电池双极板材料研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(4): 1310-1325.
[10]	张爱芳, 魏邦达, 李卓昊, 杨洋, 杨添强, 姚俊, 张杰, 刘飞, 李浩秒, 王康丽, 蒋凯. 全钒液流电池建模及SOC在线估计研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(3): 1036-1049.
[11]	张宇, 姚尧, 刘睿, 金雷, 薛斐, 周鹏, 熊斌宇. 基于自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波和经济模型预测控制的全钒液流电池SOC/SOP联合估计方法[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(11): 4089-4101.
[12]	陈智伟, 张维戈, 张珺玮, 张言茹. 基于视觉特征的动力电池组综合健康评估及分筛方法[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(7): 2211-2219.
[13]	张华民. 全钒液流电池的技术进展、不同储能时长系统的价格分析及展望[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(9): 2772-2780.
[14]	姚祯, 张琦, 王锐, 刘庆华, 王保国, 缪平. 生物质衍生碳材料在全钒液流电池电极方面的应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2083-2091.
[15]	鲁志颖, 江杉, 李全龙, 马可心, 傅腾, 郑志刚, 刘志成, 李淼, 梁永胜, 董知非. 全钒液流电池在充电结束搁置阶段的开路电压变化[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2046-2050.