液态二氧化碳储能系统变工况运行特性

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0050

储能科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (7): 2761-2771.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0050

• 第十三届储能国际峰会暨展览会专辑 • 上一篇下一篇

液态二氧化碳储能系统变工况运行特性

李源¹^,²(), 赵明智³^,⁴(), 徐玉杰³^,⁴^,⁵(), 蔡杰¹

^1.南京师范大学能源与机械工程学院，江苏南京 210042
^2.中科南京未来能源研究院，江苏南京 211135
^3.中国科学院工程热物理研究所，北京 100190
^4.中国科学院大学工程科学学院，北京 101408
^5.中国科学院长时规模储能重点实验室，北京 100190

收稿日期:2025-01-14 修回日期:2025-02-27 出版日期:2025-07-28 发布日期:2025-07-11
通讯作者: 赵明智,徐玉杰 E-mail:jnzmz80@163.com;zhaomingzhi@iet.cn;xuyujie@iet.cn
作者简介:李源（1999—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为储能系统，E-mail：jnzmz80@163.com；
基金资助:
2023年南京市新型研发机构联合技术攻关项目(202304008);江苏省碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项重大创新载体建设项目(BM2022001)

Variable-operating-condition operational characteristics of liquid carbon dioxide energy storage systems

Yuan LI¹^,²(), Mingzhi ZHAO³^,⁴(), Yujie XU³^,⁴^,⁵(), Jie CAI¹

^1.School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
^2.Nanjing Institute of Future Energy System, Nanjing 211135, Jiangsu, China
^3.Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
^4.School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
^5.Key Laboratory of Long-Duration and Large-Scale Energy Storage, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Received:2025-01-14 Revised:2025-02-27 Online:2025-07-28 Published:2025-07-11
Contact: Mingzhi ZHAO, Yujie XU E-mail:jnzmz80@163.com;zhaomingzhi@iet.cn;xuyujie@iet.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

储能是实现可再生能源大规模利用的关键支撑技术，液态二氧化碳储能系统具有储能密度高、设备紧凑、安全性高等优点，被认为是具有发展前景的大规模长时储能技术之一。液态二氧化碳储能系统因其闭式双罐结构，实际运行始终处于动态压力与温度变化的变工况状态下。然而现有研究多基于稳态假设，与真实性能偏差较大。因此，本文建立了一种液态二氧化碳储能系统变工况运行模型，揭示了系统变工况运行特性，以及低压罐初始压力、高压罐初始压力、压缩机效率、膨胀机效率、环境温度等关键参数对变工况系统性能的影响；揭示了系统㶲损分布特性，蓄冷器、压缩机和膨胀机是㶲损较大的环节，㶲损占比分别为36.53%、24.63%和19.58%；在典型工况下，高压罐内的二氧化碳(CO₂)压力由8MPa上升到14.5 MPa，温度由298.15 K上升至307.32 K，低压罐内CO₂压力从0.6 MPa降至0.59 MPa，温度由220 K下降到219.85 K。系统往返效率为63.14%，较稳态假设降低7.21个百分点，储能密度为0.9237 kWh/m³，仅为稳态假设的4.0%，这是因为稳态假设忽略了储罐中存在未利用的工质。本文为二氧化碳储能系统优化设计及应用提供了关键参考。

关键词: 二氧化碳储能, 储能系统, 变工况运行, 往返效率, 能量密度

Abstract:

Energy storage is a critical technology for the large-scale usage of renewable energy. Liquid carbon dioxide (CO₂) energy storage systems are recognized as promising large-scale long-duration energy storage technology owing to their high energy density, compact equipment, and enhanced safety. This study establishes a variable-operating-condition model of liquid CO₂ energy storage systems to elucidate the dynamic operational characteristics and the impacts of key parameters, including initial pressures of low- and high-pressure tanks, compressor efficiency, expander efficiency, and ambient temperature, on system performance under varying operating conditions. The analysis reveals the distribution of exergy destruction, cold storage units (36.53%), compressors (24.63%), and expanders (19.58%) are the primary sources of exergy destruction. Under typical operating conditions, the high-pressure tank of the system increased from 8 MPa to 14.5 MPa, with the corresponding temperature rise from 298.15 K to 307.32 K. In contrast, the low-pressure tank pressure decreased from 0.6 to 0.59 MPa, with the temperature decreased from 220 K to 219.85 K. In addition, the proposed system achieves a round-trip efficiency of 63.14%, which is 7.2% lower than the steady-state assumptions, with an energy density of 0.9237 kWh/m³—only 3.9% of the steady-state value, due to the exclusion of unused working fluid in steady-state models. These findings provide valuable insights for the optimization design and practical application of CO₂ energy storage systems.

Key words: carbon dioxide energy storage, energy storage system, variable-operating-condition operation, roundtrip efficiency, energy density

中图分类号:

TK 02

李源, 赵明智, 徐玉杰, 蔡杰. 液态二氧化碳储能系统变工况运行特性[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(7): 2761-2771.

Yuan LI, Mingzhi ZHAO, Yujie XU, Jie CAI. Variable-operating-condition operational characteristics of liquid carbon dioxide energy storage systems[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(7): 2761-2771.

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参数	数值	参数	数值
低压罐压力/MPa	0.6	高压罐压力/MPa	8
节流阀出口压力/MPa	0.52	高压罐温度/℃	25
低压罐温度/℃	-53.15	膨胀机效率/%	85
储冷罐温度/℃	-29	膨胀机级数	3
外界冷源温度/℃	-58.15	压缩机级数	3
压缩机设计点效率/%	85	膨胀机设计点效率/%	88

参数	变工况模拟	稳态模拟
质量流量/(kg/s)	203.4~220.9	203.4
低压罐温度/K	220~219.85	220
低压罐压力/MPa	0.6~0.59	0.6
高压罐温度/K	298.15~307.32	298.15
高压罐压力/MPa	8~14.5	8
能量密度/(kWh/m³)	0.9237	23.16
往返效率/%	63.14	70.35

流股	工质	储能过程初始时刻				储能过程终止时刻
流股	工质	压力P/MPa	温度T/K	焓h/(kJ/kg)	熵S/[kJ/(kg·K)]	压力P/MPa	温度T/K	焓h/(kJ/kg)	熵S/[kJ/(kg·K)]
1	CO₂	0.6	220	86.72	0.551	0.59	219.8	86.45	0.550
2	CO₂	0.52	216.7	86.72	0.522	0.52	216.7	86.45	0.522
3	CO₂	0.52	221.6	434.97	2.159	0.52	221.7	434.97	2.159
4	CO₂	0.52	298	501.87	2.418	0.52	298	501.87	2.418
5	CO₂	1.293	374.9	557.10	2.418	1.574	392.7	570.48	2.418
6	CO₂	1.293	303	498.72	2.243	1.574	303	495.87	2.199
7	CO₂	3.217	381.7	552.60	2.243	4.769	400.6	561.74	2.199
8	CO₂	3.217	303	477.36	2.019	4.769	303	455.19	1.887
9	CO₂	8	383	525.09	2.019	14.5	401	507.64	1.887
10	CO₂	8	303	283.26	1.269	14.5	303	260.55	1.167
11	CO₂	14.5	307.8	271.31	1.202	8	298	263.13	2.036
12	CO₂	14.5	383	485.23	1.829	8	383	532.92	2.039
13	CO₂	5	300.3	446.33	1.829	3.37	318	493.64	2.039
14	CO₂	5	381.7	551.66	2.163	3.37	381.7	561.27	2.258
15	CO₂	1.726	307.8	499.53	2.163	1.421	322.9	516.38	2.258
16	CO₂	1.726	374.2	563.23	2.383	1.421	374.2	565.37	2.423
17	CO₂	0.595	306.6	508.91	2.383	0.6	318.8	519.59	2.423
18	CO₂	0.595	298	501.24	2.391	0.6	298	501.24	2.389
19	CO₂	0.595	231.7	442.41	2.168	0.6	231.7	442.33	2.166
20	CO₂	0.595	220	431.42	2.12	0.6	220	86.72	2.084
21	CH₄	0.2	254.1	812.41	5.969	0.2	254.1	812.41	5.969
22	CH₄	0.2	226.7	753.47	5.725	0.2	226.7	753.47	5.725
23	H₂O	0.4	298	104.57	0.365	0.4	298	104.57	0.365
24	H₂O	0.4	369.9	405.7	1.270	0.4	387.7	480.7	1.468
25	H₂O	0.4	298	104.57	0.365	0.4	298	104.57	0.365
26	H₂O	0.4	376.7	434.3	1.347	0.4	395.6	514.5	1.555
27	H₂O	0.4	298	104.57	0.365	0.4	298	104.57	0.365
28	H₂O	0.4	378.6	442.5	1.368	0.4	396.4	517.8	1.563
29	H₂O	0.4	388.0	482	1.472	0.4	388.0	482	1.472
30	H₂O	0.4	312.3	164.4	0.561	0.4	303.1	126.0	0.437
31	H₂O	0.4	386.7	476.5	1.457	0.4	386.7	476.5	1.457
32	H₂O	0.4	305.2	130.6	1.352	0.4	323.8	204	2.092
33	H₂O	0.4	379.2	444.73	1.375	0.4	379.2	444.73	1.375
34	H₂O	0.4	312.9	568	1.667	0.4	327.9	764	2.293
35	CH₄	0.2	226.3	753.5	5.724	0.2	226.3	753.5	5.724
36	CH₄	0.2	293.2	897.8	6.28	0.2	293.2	897.8	6.28

序号	变化参数	范围
1	低压罐初始压力/MPa	0.6~4
2	高压罐初始压力/MPa	8~14.5
3	压缩机效率/%	70~95
4	膨胀机效率/%	70~95
5	环境温度/K	288~303

液态二氧化碳储能系统变工况运行特性

Variable-operating-condition operational characteristics of liquid carbon dioxide energy storage systems

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