废旧磷酸铁锂电池回收技术研究进展

doi:10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2018.0183

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 纯电动客车用电池以磷酸铁锂电池为主，电池寿命结束后将产生大量的废旧电池，如何处理废旧电池是人们关心的重要问题。基于此，本文介绍了国家目前对于废旧电池回收的相关政策以及废旧LiFePO₄电池的主要有价成分。详细介绍了废旧LiFePO₄材料的多种回收、再利用方法，包括化学沉淀法回收、高温固相修复技术、高温固相再生技术、生物浸出技术以及机械活化处理回收技术等；并分别介绍了高温热解处理、有机溶剂萃取回收、超临界CO₂回收的电解液回收处理技术以及负极材料的分选回收技术、石墨修复改性技术。沉淀法回收产物为含锂、铁的工业原料，该类方法易于实现规模化应用，但是会产生大量酸碱废液；高温固相修复、再生方法工艺流程短，除杂将会是该工艺规模化应用的难点。对不同类型的回收材料提出不同回收处理方法，为废旧磷酸铁锂电池的回收提供参考。

关键词: 废旧锂离子电池, 磷酸铁锂, 电解液, 负极材料, 回收, 再生

Abstract: Batteries for electric buses are mainly lithium iron phosphate batteries. Large numbers of spent batteries will be produced after the cycle life termination and cause a significant problem that how to deal with the spent batteries. In this paper, the current status of spent batteries recycling is introduced, as well as the main valuable components of the spent LiFePO₄ battery. The recycling and reusing methods of the spent LiFePO₄ materials such as solution-precipitation method, solid phase direct recycling and regeneration process, bio-dissolution technique, and mechanochemical treatment are introduced in detail. The vacuum pyrolysis process, organic solvent extraction and supercritical CO₂ extraction recovery electrolyte are presented as well. In addition, the separation process and modification method of negative electrode materials are introduced. The products recovered by precipitation method are industrial raw materials containing lithium and iron. This kind of method is easy to implement large-scale application, but it will produce a large number of acid and alkali waste liquor. The process of solid phase direct recycling and regeneration is shorter, but to remove the impurity is the difficulty for large-scale application. At last, the different recycling methods are proposed for different types of recycled materials to provide reference for the recycling of batteries.

Key words: spent Li-ion battery, lithium iron phosphate, electrolyte, negative electrode material, recovery, regeneration

中图分类号:

TM12.9

陈永珍, 黎华玲, 宋文吉, 涂小琳, 冯自平. 废旧磷酸铁锂电池回收技术研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2019, 8(2): 237-247.

CHEN Yongzhen, LI Hualing, SONG Wenji, TU Xiaolin, FENG Ziping. A review on recycling technology of spent lithium iron phosphate battery[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2019, 8(2): 237-247.

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