A review of current research on the formation mechanism of lithium batteries

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0358

Abstract

Abstract:

Lithium batteries undergo chemical reactions and material deformation all the time during use, causing their shape to continue to change with the state of use. Both hard- and soft-shell materials of lithium batteries have a certain degree of ductility. In early stages of thermal runaway of lithium batteries, a series of physical and chemical changes will create pressure inside the lithium batteries. As time goes by, lithium batteries will swell significantly, causing significant pressure changes between battery cells. Therefore, studying the mechanism of lithium battery expansion is extremely important for early detection and early warning of thermal runaway of lithium batteries. This article reviews the research on the expansion and formation mechanisms of lithium batteries at home and abroad, sums up the main reasons for the expansion of lithium batteries, and starts from five aspects of lithium battery electrode materials, electrolyte, charge and discharge temperature, charge and discharge voltage, and charge and discharge current. We analyzed their impact on the expansion of lithium batteries. Finally, through the research results of various influencing factors, future methods and directions for controlling gas swelling of lithium batteries are explored, and more effective early warning suggestions are put forward for the early detection and early warning systems of lithium battery thermal runaway.

Key words: lithium battery, expansion, pressure deformation, early warning

CLC Number:

TM 911

Haobin LIANG, Jianhua DU, Xin HAO, Shizhi YANG, Ran TU, Rencheng ZHANG. A review of current research on the formation mechanism of lithium batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(2): 647-657.

Figures/Tables 4

References 40

1	闫雅婧. 锂离子电池用固态电解质的研究现状与展望[J]. 无机盐工业, 2020, 52(7): 22-25.
	YAN Yajing. Research status and prospects of solid electrolytes for lithium ion batteries[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2020, 52(7): 22-25.
2	吴艳华. 锂离子电池三元正极材料现状及发展趋势[J]. 世界有色金属, 2020(8): 1-3.
	WU Yanhua. Status and development trend of ternary cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries[J]. World Nonferrous Metals, 2020(8): 1-3.
3	LI R, REN D, GUO D, et al. Volume deformation of large-format lithium ion batteries under different degradation paths[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2019, 166(16): 4106-4114.
4	BEAULIEU L Y, EBERMAN K W, TUMER R L, et al. Colossal reversible volume changes in lithium alloys[J]. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 2001, 4(9): doi: 10.1149/1.1388178.
5	LARESGOITI I, KAEBITZ S, ECKER M, et al. Modeling mechanical degradation in lithium ion batteries during cycling: Solid electrolyte interphase fracture[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 300: 112-122.
6	MUKHOPADHYAY A, SHELDON B W. Deformation and stress in electrode materials for Li-ion batteries[J]. Progress in Materials, 2014, 63: 58-116.
7	FU R, XIAO M, CHOE S Y. Modeling, validation and analysis of mechanical stress generation and dimension changes of a pouch type high power Li-ion battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 224: 211-224.
8	LOULI A J, ELLIS L D, DAHN J R. Operando pressure measurements reveal solid electrolyte interphase growth to rank Li-ion cell performance[J]. Joule, 2019, 3(3): 745-761.
9	ZHANG N, TANG H. Dissecting anode swelling in commercial lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 218: 52-55.
10	陈伟峰. 软包装锂离子电池产气机理研究和预测[D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2012.
	CHEN Weifeng. Research and prediction on the gas production mechanism of soft packaging lithium-ion batteries[D]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2012.
11	BERNHARD R, SIMON V E, KATHARINA R, ANDREAS J. A new method to model the thickness change of a commercial pouch cell during discharge[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2016, 163(8): doi: 10.1149/2.0441608jes.
12	DAI H, YU C, WEI X, et al. State of charge estimation for lithium-ion pouch batteries based on stress measurement[J]. Energy, 2017, 129: 16-27.
13	王帝, 张俊英, 刘英博, 等. 动力电池循环膨胀力研究[J]. 电源技术, 2020, 44(5): 673-675+689.
	WANG Di, ZHANG Junying, LIU Yingbo, et al. Research on cycle expansion force of power battery[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 44(5): 673-675+689.
14	李伟. 锂离子电池石墨负极变形行为实验与模拟研究[D]. 镇江: 江苏大学, 2019.
	LI Wei. Experimental and simulation research on deformation behavior of graphite anode of lithium ion battery[D]. Zhenjiang: Jiangsu University, 2019.
15	KONG F, KOSTECKI R, NADEAU G, et al. In situ studies of SEI formation[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2001, 97: 58-66.
16	褚赓. 锂离子电池硅基负极材料的研究[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学(中国科学院物理研究所), 2017.
	CHU Geng. Research on silicon-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences), 2017.
17	马天翼. 硅负极复合材料及其电化学界面特性研究[D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2017.
	MA Tianyi. Research on silicon anode composite material and its electrochemical interface characteristics[D]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2017.
18	王舒玮, 胡和丰, 王德宇, 等. 钠离子电池HOPG负极固体电解质界面膜的AFM研究[J]. 无机材料学报, 2017, 32(6): 596-602.
	WANG Shuwei, HU Hefeng, WANG Deyu, et al. AFM study on the solid electrolyte interface membrane of HOPG anode in sodium ion battery[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2017, 32(6): 596-602.
19	BOYER M J, HWANG G S. Theoretical evaluation of ethylene carbonate anion transport and its impact on solid electrolyte interphase formation[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 266: 326-331.
20	GARCIA R E, CHIANG Y M, CRAIG C W, et al. Microstructural modeling and design of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2005, 152(1): doi: 10.1149/1.1836132.
21	LIU D, WANG Y, XIE Y, et al. On the stress characteristics of graphite anode in commercial pouch lithium-ion battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 232: 29-33.
22	贺雨雨, 陈炜, 冯德圣, 等. 黏结剂对锂离子电池负极膨胀的影响[J]. 电池, 2017, 47(3): 169-172.
	HE Yuyu, CHEN Wei, FENG Desheng, et al. Effects of binders on swelling of anode for Li-ion battery[J]. Battery Bimonthly, 2017, 47(003): 169-172.
23	张正德. 锂离子软包装电池变形研究[D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2012.
	ZHANG Zhengde. The study of distortion of polymer lithium ion battery[D]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2012.
24	李宇. 磷酸铁锂电池短路特性研究与探测预警装置开发[D]. 厦门: 华侨大学, 2019.
	LI Yu. Research on short circuit characteristics of lithium iron phosphate battery and development of detection and early warning device[D]. Xiamen: Huaqiao University, 2019.
25	王瑜东, 杨凯, 高飞, 等. 钛酸锂电池胀气程度与循环性能的关系研究[J]. 高电压技术, 2018, 44(1): 152-159.
	WANG Yudong, YANG Kai, GAO Fei, et al. Study on the relationship between the degree of flatulence and cycle performance of lithium titanate batteries[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2018, 44(1): 152-159.
26	LIAO Z, ZHANG S, ZHAO Y, et al. Experimental evaluation of thermolysis-driven gas emissions from LiPF₆-carbonate electrolyte used in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2020, 49: 124-135.
27	王念举, 孟繁慧, 于利伟, 等. 电压对锂离子电池高温存储产气的影响[J]. 电源技术, 2020, 44(7): 957-960.
	WANG Nianju, MENG Fanhui, YU Liwei, et al. The influence of voltage on the gas production of lithium-ion battery at high temperature storage[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 44(7): 957-960.
28	吴凯. Li₄Ti₅O₁₂基锂离子动力电池的高温胀气行为研究[D]. 上海: 上海交通大学, 2014.
	WU Kai. High temperature flatulence behavior of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂-based lithium-ion power battery[D]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2014.
29	WU Xinzhan, LOU Shuaifeng, CHENG Xinqun, et al. Unravelling the interface layer formation and gas evolution/suppression on a TiNb₂O₇ anode for lithium-ion batteries[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(32): 27056-27062.
30	张大峰, 刘炜, 刘丽. 软包锂电池高温胀气改善研究[J]. 电源技术, 2019, 43(2): 231-233.
	ZHANG Dafeng, LIU Wei, LIU Li. Study on the improvement of high-temperature flatulence in soft-pack lithium batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 43(2): 231-233.
31	刘燕燕, 王绥军, 金翼, 等. 钛酸锂电池胀气成分的气相色谱分析[J]. 电源技术, 2017, 41(10): 1396-1398.
	LIU Yanyan, WANG Suijun, JIN Yi, et al. Gas chromatographic analysis of flatulence components of lithium titanate batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 41(10): 1396-1398.
32	FELL C R, SUN L, HALLAC P B, et al. Investigation of the gas generation in lithium titanate anode based lithium ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2015, 162(9): 1916-1920.
33	吴宁宁, 安富强, 杨道均, 等. 锰酸锂电池中水分及产气的研究[J]. 电源技术, 2014, 38(1): 35-37.
	WU Ningning, AN Fuqiang, YANG Daojun, et al. Study on moisture and gas production in lithium manganite batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 38(1): 35-37.
34	李慧芳, 高俊奎, 李飞, 等. 锂离子电池浮充测试的鼓胀原因分析及改善[J]. 电源技术, 2013, 37(12): 2123-2126.
	LI Huifang, GAO Junkui, LI Fei, et al. Cause analysis and improvement of swelling in floating charge test of lithium ion battery[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 37(12): 2123-2126.
35	MAO C Y, RUTHER R E, GENG Linxiao, et al. Evaluation of gas formation and consumption driven by crossover effect in high-voltage lithium-ion batteries with Ni-rich NMC cathodes[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2019, 11(46): 43235-43243
36	KONG W, LI H, HUANG X, et al. Gas evolution behaviors for several cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2005, 142(1/2): 285-291.
37	赵彦孛, 陈佳郁, 张树国. 锂离子电池鼓胀分析[J]. 电源技术, 2020, 44(6): 822-824+895.
	ZHAO Yanbi, CHEN Jiayu, ZHANG Shuguo. Analysis of lithium ion battery swelling[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 44(06): 822-824+895.
38	RASHID M, GUPTA A . Mathematical model for combined effect of sei formation and gas evolution in Li-ion batteries[J]. ECS Electrochemistry Letters, 2014, 3(10): A95-A98.
39	MATASSO A, WONG D, WETZ D, et al. Effects of high-rate cycling on the bulk internal pressure rise and capacity degradation of commercial LiCoO₂ cells[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2015, 162(6): A885-A891.
40	王子君. 液态软包装LiFePO₄锂离子电池气胀问题的研究[D]. 天津: 天津大学, 2009.
	WANG Zijun. Research on the swelling problem of LiFePO₄ lithium-ion battery in liquid soft packaging[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2009.

[1]	Yu SHI, Zhong ZHANG, Jingying YANG, Wei QIAN, Hao LI, Xiang ZHAO, Xintong YANG. Opportunity cost modelling and market strategy of energy storage participating in the AGC market [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(7): 2366-2373.
[2]	Jiayu YUAN, Xinguang LI, Wenchao WANG, Chengkuo FU. Simulation of serpentine cooling structure of battery pack considering mass flow [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(7): 2274-2281.
[3]	Peng HUANG, Zhigen NIE, Zheng CHEN, Xing SHU, Shiquan SHEN, Jipeng YANG, Jiangwei SHEN. Capacity prediction of lithium battery based on optimized Elman neural network [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(7): 2282-2294.
[4]	WU Yida, ZHANG Yi, ZHAN Yuanjie, GUO Yaqi, ZHANG liao, LIU Xingjiang, YU Hailong, ZHAO Wenwu, HUANG Xuejie. The effect of B₂O₃ modification on the electrochemical properties of LiCoO₂ cathode [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(6): 1687-1692.
[5]	Suhang WANG, Jianlin LI, Yaxin LI, Junjie XIONG, Wei ZENG. Research on charging strategy of lithium-ion battery system at low temperature [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(5): 1537-1542.
[6]	Bowen CHEN, Ruiguang CUI, Yanbin SHEN, Liwei CHEN. Application of a novel method for characterization of local Young’s modulus in lithium （ion） batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(3): 991-999.
[7]	Xiang WANG, Jing XU, Yajun DING, Fan DING, Xin XU. Optimal design of liquid cooling pipeline for battery module based on VCALB [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(2): 547-552.
[8]	Zhiguo AN, Xian ZHANG, Hui ZHU, Chunjie ZHANG. Heat dissipation performance of honeycomb-like thermal management system combined CPCM with water cooling for lithium batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(1): 211-220.
[9]	Yingkai WANG, Hong ZHANG, Xinghui WANG. Hybrid 1DCNN-LSTM model for predicting lithium ion battery state of health [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(1): 240-245.
[10]	Xinyu CAO, Fei PENG, Liwei LI, Jianguang YIN. SOC estimation of lithium battery based on IBAS-NARX neural network model [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(6): 2342-2351.
[11]	Jianjiang XIE, Xiang GAO, Chengqiang XIA, Yi ZHENG, Hao WANG. Research on information acquisition system of lithium battery energy storage cabin [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(3): 1109-1116.
[12]	Miao JIANG, Hongli WAN, Gaozhan LIU, Wei WENG, Chao WANG, Xiayin YAO. Co_0.1Fe_0.9S₂@Li₇P₃S₁₁composite cathode material for all-solid-state lithium batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(3): 925-930.
[13]	Chengxin SHAN, Liwei LI, Yuxin YANG. SOC of estimation of lithium battery based on IACO-PF [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(3): 1145-1152.
[14]	Xi LI, Yajuan YU, Zhiqi ZHANG, Lei WANG, Kai HUANG. Advance and patent analysis of solid electrolyte in solid-state lithium batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(1): 77-86.
[15]	Jiang'an ZHANG, Hongbai YANG, Zuohan ZHOU. Adaptive estimation method for full charge capacity of lithium battery [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(6): 1976-1981.