Fig. 1

Recent development of wide temperature lithium batteries"

Fig. 2

Schematic diagram of challenges faced by lithium ion batteries running at low temperatures"

Table 1

Comparison of properties of lithium salts"

Fig. 3

The effect of LiBF4 on the performance of low temperature battery (a) 25 ℃; (b) 60 ℃; (c) -20 ℃[28]"

Table 2

Properties of some ester solvents"

Fig. 4

Conductivity of electrolyte[38]"

Fig. 5

Effect of MA content on battery at 1.5 C and 2 C magnification[38]"

Fig. 6

DSC curve of 10% PC solvent mixed with EC-EMC[37]"

Fig. 7

Variations in the ionic conductivities of various electrolytes with EC content in the EC-PC-EMC solvent mixtures at different temperatures[37]"

Fig. 8

Using EC/PC/EMC (1/1/8) discharge curve of graphite||NCM battery under three different discharge rates at -40 ℃[37]"

Fig. 9

Electrochemical test of Li||NCM811 battery at room temperature and low temperature (a) Capacity voltage curve at different temperatures; (b) Cyclic performance at different temperature[39]"

Fig. 10

Electrochemical performance of Li||NCM811 battery at different electrolyte and temperature -40 ℃[40]"

Fig. 11

Li||NCM811 battery capacity voltage curve at different temperatures[40]"

Fig. 12

Discharge process test of electrochemical performance of Li||NCM622 battery in different electrolytes and 1.2 mol/L LiTFSI-AN-FM electrolyte at different temperatures[24]"

Fig. 13

Discharge process of Li||NCM622 battery using 1.2 mol/L LiPF6-EC/EMC electrolyte at different temperatures[24]"

Fig. 14

Electrochemical performance test of graphite||Li battery with different electrolytes[41]"

Fig. 15

Schematic diagram of lithium ion desolvation at graphite interface[25]"

Fig. 16

Discharge capacity of NCM811||graphite battery at different temperatures[17]"

Fig. 17

Electrochemical performance test of silicon/graphite cathode in different electrolytes at -20 ℃[52]"

Fig. 18

Electrochemical performance test of Li||NCA battery in different electrolytes and at different temperatures[18]"

Table 3

Electrolyte components"

Fig. 19

Cycle performance of NCM-811 battery using pristine 1# (BA0 + EC0) electrolyte charging discharging at low temperatures (a) -20 ℃; (b) -30 ℃; (c) -40 ℃; Cycle performance of NCM-811 battery using pristine 2# (BA16 + EC10) electrolyte charging-discharging at low temperatures (d) -20℃; (e) -30 ℃; (f) -40 ℃; Cycle performance of NCM-811 battery using pristine 5# (0.3 mol/L LBF) electrolyte charging-discharging at low temperatures (g) -20 ℃; (h) -30 ℃; (i) -40 ℃; Comparison of cycle performance of batteries using different electrolytes (j) -20 ℃; (k) -30 ℃; (l) -40 ℃[56]"

Table 4

Low temperature battery electrolyte design"

Fig. 20

Discharge curves of LMO/LTO cells operated in non-aqueous, BSiS-AN0.5 and BSiS-DOL0.5 electrolytes at 0.1C under various temperatures[19]"

Fig. 21

(a) Ion conductivity; (b) viscosity and (c) conductivity activation energy of electrolyte at different temperatures[19]"

Fig. 22

(a) Schematic diagram of Zn//PTO battery; (b)—(e)Electrochemical performance of Zn//PTO battery at different temperatures and current densities[57]"

Fig. 23

Electrochemical performance of PEO based solid electrolyte battery at room temperature[60]"

Fig. 24

Electrochemical performance of solid electrolyte battery based on PEO at low temperature[60]"

Fig. 25

Electrochemical performance of LiFePO4||Li battery using QSPE and LE at 0 ℃[61]"

Fig. 26

Electrochemical performance of LiFePO4||Li battery at -20 ℃ (a) Cyclic behavior using QSPE and LE; (b) Charge discharge characteristics of the 20th, 40th, 60th, 80th and 100th cycles at 0.2 C; (c) Multiplication performance of batteries using QSPE and LE; (d) Charge discharge characteristics within the range of 0.2—3C[61]"