Study on the safety of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries under nail penetration conditions

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0654

Abstract

Abstract:

Sharp object intrusion, particularly during automobile collisions, represents a significant risk to power batteries, potentially causing serious damage including ignition or explosion of lithium-ion batteries. This can lead to catastrophic outcomes for electric vehicles and pose risks to personal safety. This study aims to elucidate the safety performance of lithium-ion batteries under nail penetration conditions. Utilizing a custom-built experimental platform, we examined the effects of four parameters on battery safety: state of charge, penetration speed, penetration depth, and penetration location. Cylindrical 18650 lithium-ion batteries were subjected to penetration tests using a 5 mm diameter flat tungsten steel nail. The thermal runaway phenomenon was monitored using an infrared camera, and data such as temperature, open-circuit voltage, and load were recorded before and after the tests. Our findings indicate a clear pattern in the batteries' response to nail penetration; they do not immediately undergo thermal runaway but exhibit a delayed reaction. Factors such as higher states of charge and greater penetration depths significantly increase the likelihood of thermal runaway, which is also more severe when penetration occurs closer to the battery's positive and negative terminals. However, the speed of penetration does not have a significant correlation with the occurrence of thermal runaway. Based on these results, we offer recommendations for the transport, safe usage, and early warning algorithm design of lithium-ion battery packs.

Key words: lithium-ion batteries, safety, evolution rule, thermal runaway

CLC Number:

X 932

Yuanhui TANG, Boxing YUAN, Jie LI, Yunlong ZHANG. Study on the safety of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries under nail penetration conditions[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(4): 1326-1334.

Figures/Tables 11

Table 1

Fig. 1

Table 2

Fig. 2

Table 3

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

References 12

1	DUAN X D, WANG H C, JIA Y K, et al. A multiphysics understanding of internal short circuit mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries upon mechanical stress abuse[J]. ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2022, 2022(5): 558.
2	YU H Q, ZHANG L S, WANG W T, et al. State of charge estimation method by using a simplified electrochemical model in deep learning framework for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy, 2023, 278: 127846.
3	WANG J G, MEI W X, CUI Z X, et al. Experimental and numerical study on penetration-induced internal short-circuit of lithium-ion cell[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 171: 115082.
4	LIU Y Q, LI Y T, LIAO Y G, et al. Effects of state-of-charge and penetration location on variations in temperature and terminal voltage of a lithium-ion battery cell during penetration tests[J]. Batteries, 2021, 7(4): 81.
5	XU J J, MEI W X, ZHAO C P, et al. Study on thermal runaway mechanism of 1000mAh lithium ion pouch cell during nail penetration[J]. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2021, 144(2): 273-284.
6	MAO N, GADKARI S, WANG Z R, et al. A comparative analysis of lithium-ion batteries with different cathodes under overheating and nail penetration conditions[J]. Energy, 2023, 278: 128027.
7	金标, 邹武元, 刘方方, 等. 电动汽车用磷酸铁锂电池针刺热失控试验研究[J]. 汽车技术, 2021(10): 37-41.
	JIN B, ZOU W Y, LIU F F, et al. Experimental investigation on thermal runaway of LiFePO₄ batteries for electric vehicles during nail penetration[J]. Automobile Technology, 2021(10): 37-41.
8	XU J, LIU B H, HU D Y. State of charge dependent mechanical integrity behavior of 18650 lithium-ion batteries[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 21829.
9	彭波, 罗琼瑶, 张怡, 等. 动力锂离子电池穿刺试验安全性研究[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2019, 29(3): 27-31.
	PENG B, LUO Q Y, ZHANG Y, et al. Study on safety of power Li-ion battery based on puncturing experiments[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2019, 29(3): 27-31.
10	LIU B H, JIA Y K, LI J, et al. Safety issues caused by internal short circuits in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018, 6(43): 21475-21484.
11	HUANG Z H, LI H, MEI W X, et al. Thermal runaway behavior of lithium iron phosphate battery during penetration[J]. Fire Technology, 2020, 56(6): 2405-2426.
12	YUAN C H, GAO X, WONG H K, et al. A multiphysics computational framework for cylindrical battery behavior upon mechanical loading based on LS-DYNA[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2019, 166(6): A1160.

参数	数值
直径	18 mm
长度	65 mm
标称电压	3.7 V
充电终止电压	4.2 V
放电截止电压	2.75 V
额定容量	1200 mAh

组别	样品编号	SOC/%	极限载荷下降时间节点t/s	端电压下降时间节点t/s
Group 1	1	20	114.4	121.1
	2	40	117	119.2
	3	60	116.8	117.5
	4	80	114.2	115.1
	5	100	111.8	112.5

[1]	Zhiyou MAO, Xiaoyu NING, Peipei ZHANG, Bei ZHANG, Jiayuan XIANG. Effect of separators on thermal runaway performance for Li-ion battery [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(4): 1154-1158.
[2]	Bingjin LI, Xiaoxia HAN, Wenjie ZHANG, Weiguo ZENG, Jinde WU. Review of the remaining useful life prediction methods for lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(4): 1266-1276.
[3]	Jiamu YANG, Yuxin CHEN, Cheng LIAN, Zhi XU, Honglai LIU. Flow field analysis and structural optimization of coating die with electrode slurry [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(4): 1109-1117.
[4]	Yuting WANG, Qiutong LI, Yiming HU, Xin GUO. Techniques for monitoring internal signals of lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(4): 1253-1265.
[5]	Chunshan HE, Ziyang WANG, Bin YAO. Experimental study of the thermal runaway characteristics of lithium iron phosphate batteries for energy storage under various discharge powers [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(3): 981-989.
[6]	Mingming SUN. Patent analysis of organic-inorganic composite solid-state electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(3): 1096-1105.
[7]	Yaning ZHU, Zhendong ZHANG, Lei SHENG, Long CHEN, Zehua ZHU, Linxiang FU, Qing BI. Thermal runaway experiment of 21700 lithium-ion battery under different health conditions [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(3): 971-980.
[8]	Qikai LEI, Yin YU, Peng PENG, Man CHEN, Kaiqiang JIN, Qingsong WANG. Effect of thermal insulation material layout on thermal runaway propagation inhibition effect of 280 Ah lithium-iron phosphate battery [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 495-502.
[9]	Ningning HAN, Zhuang XU, Guangli HE. Pressurized water electrolysis： Challenges and recent progress [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 626-633.
[10]	Zhaoyang LI, Dinghong LIU, Yanyan ZHAO, Man CHEN, Qikai LEI, Peng PENG, Lei LIU. Nail penetration characteristics of high-energy-density lithium-ion pouch cell [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(1): 57-71.
[11]	Chengjie XU, Yulin HUANG, Zhongfeiyu LIN, Zhiming LIN, Chenxi FANG, Weijun ZHANG, Zhigao HUANG, Jiaxin LI. Macroscopic fabrication of nano-silicon via sand-milling and investigation of lithium storage performance in carbon fiber composite anodes [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(1): 1-11.
[12]	Yi ZHANG, Xiaoyu GE, Zhen LI, Yunhui HUANG. Progress on acoustic and optical sensing technologies for lithium rechargeable batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(1): 167-177.
[13]	Xin JIN, Jianru ZHANG, Qiyu WANG, Rui ZHANG, Bitong WANG, Zhongyang ZHANG, Hailong YU, Xiqian YU, Hong LI. Study on thermal runaway of hybrid solid-liquid batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(1): 48-56.
[14]	Xin GAO, Ruogu WANG, Wenjing GAO, Zejun DENG, Ruiqi LIANG, Kun YANG. Consistency evaluation method of battery pack in energy storage power station based on running data [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(9): 2937-2945.
[15]	Xiaowei HUANG, Shaopeng LI, Xiaogang ZHANG. Research on the impact and mechanism of the lithium replenishment degree of anode prelithiation on the performance of lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(9): 2727-2734.