Thermal runaway experiment of 21700 lithium-ion battery under different health conditions

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0695

Abstract

Abstract:

Research on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries is crucial for enhancing battery thermal safety and reducing thermal incidents in new energy vehicles. This study focuses on thermal abuse and aging-induced thermal runaway issues in high-specific-energy 21700-type NCM811 lithium-ion batteries. Experimental research was conducted to explore the state of health (SOH) impacts on battery charging and discharging characteristics, and the mechanism underlying thermal runaway. The quantitative analysis covered battery aging characteristics and thermal runaway parameters, including triggering time, surface temperature, operating voltage, combustion characteristics, energy, TNT equivalent, and damage radius. The findings reveal that energy efficiency decreases with increasing aging cycles, and temperature rise during thermal runaway decreases with decreasing SOH. Notably, time required for thermal runaway triggering in aged batteries is substantially shorter. For example, a battery with 60% SOH triggered thermal runaway in 608 s, a 64.8% reduction compared to 100% SOH. Moreover, smaller SOH values correspond to weaker thermal runaway intensity and reduced mass loss after thermal runaway. During the thermal runaway process, peak temperature, released energy, TNT equivalent, and damage radius decrease with decreasing SOH. This indicates that thermal runaway damage in aged batteries is lower than in fresh batteries. The study results offer valuable insights for characterizing behavior, early warning systems, fire prevention, and control in the thermal runaway of full-lifecycle 21700 batteries.

Key words: 21700 ternary lithium battery, SOH, thermal runaway, temperature, energy, failure radius

CLC Number:

X 932

Yaning ZHU, Zhendong ZHANG, Lei SHENG, Long CHEN, Zehua ZHU, Linxiang FU, Qing BI. Thermal runaway experiment of 21700 lithium-ion battery under different health conditions[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(3): 971-980.

Figures/Tables 15

Table 1

Fig. 1

Table 2

Main performance parameters of aging cycle batteries"

循环次数	充电容量/Ah	放电容量/Ah	充电能量/Wh	放电能量/Wh	SOH	$η Q$ /%	$η E$ /%
0	4.9808	4.9683	23.5793	20.9856	100%	99.74	89.0
50	4.5048	4.5034	21.5058	18.9251	90%	99.96	87.9
104	3.9951	3.9871	19.5909	16.7110	80%	99.79	85.2
216	3.5144	3.5042	17.3725	14.5929	70%	99.71	84.0
398	3.0861	3.0645	15.3333	12.7266	60%	99.30	82.9

Table 2

Table 3

Fig. 2

Table 4

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Table 5

Energy, TNT equivalent value and damage radius of different SOH batteries"

SOH	T₂/℃	T₃/℃	$Δ H$ /kJ	W_TNT/g	R/m
1	215.2	471.5	16.16	3.59	1.69
0.9	211.5	425.4	13.48	2.99	1.58
0.8	204.9	415.9	13.31	2.95	1.56
0.7	200.3	405.1	12.91	2.86	1.55
0.6	192.5	385.6	12.17	2.71	1.52

Table 5

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

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参数	数值
尺寸/mm	21.0×70.0
质量/g	69.0
容量/Ah	5.0
额定电压/V	3.65
充/放电截止电压/V	4.2/2.5

工况	SOH	热失控触发时间/s	是否起火	火焰持续时间/s
a	100%	1730	是	40
b	90%	1450	是	32
c	80%	1173	是	28
d	70%	900	是	22
e	60%	608	是	18

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