Nail penetration characteristics of high-energy-density lithium-ion pouch cell

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0213

Abstract

Abstract:

This study examines two types of high-energy-density lithium-ion pouch cells designed for electric vehicles using a highly repeatable test platform. Employing an electronic flow direction model for internal short circuits caused by nail penetration, we investigate the impact of various factors, including nail tip angles, fixture forms, penetration speed, and positions. In addition, we propose quantitative evaluation parameters for assessing the safety performance of nail penetration. The findings reveal that a smaller hole diameter in the fixture and faster penetration speed intensify the discharge during internal short circuits, leading to a rise in temperature and voltage drop. Notably, when a high-energy-density pouch cell is penetrated at high speed with a hole diameter below 20 mm, there is a higher probability of thermal runaway and fire. Despite the significant fire risk, the pouch cell's low interlayer thermal conductivity results in a delayed external temperature rise compared with the onset of fire. Moreover, altering the angle of the nail tip does not significantly affect the energy loss in internal short circuits under similar conditions. However, a deviation in the penetration position increases the risk of failure and fire, underscoring the impact of the separator's wrapping and blocking effect on the nail and subsequent fire in high-energy-density pouch cells. In contrast to the traditional description of test phenomena and hazard level evaluation, we introduce the short-circuit severity index. Calculated on the basis of characteristic voltage parameters in internal short circuits, this index serves as a quantitative evaluation metric for the safety performance of products. Our study contributes to the advancement of penetration evaluation technology for lithium-ion cells, offering valuable insights for enhancing the safety of high-energy-density cells when subjected to mechanical stress damage or dendrite overgrowth.

Key words: high-energy-density, lithium-ion battery, nail penetration, thermal runaway

CLC Number:

TM 911

Zhaoyang LI, Dinghong LIU, Yanyan ZHAO, Man CHEN, Qikai LEI, Peng PENG, Lei LIU. Nail penetration characteristics of high-energy-density lithium-ion pouch cell[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(1): 57-71.

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标准编号	针刺速度/(mm/s)	刺针直径/mm	针头形状	最低穿刺深度
SAE J2464: 2009	≥80	3	—	贯穿
UL 2580: 2020	≥80	3	—	贯穿
SAND 2017—6925	0.1	3±0.2	半径(1.5±0.1)mm的圆头	贯穿或100 mV压降
AIS 048: 2009	≥80	3	—	贯穿
GB 38031—2020	0.1～10	3～8	20°～60°的针尖	贯穿
VW PV 8450: 2018	0.1	1	28°～36°的针尖	(2±0.2)mm

样品	正极材料	负极材料	尺寸/mm	质量/g	电压/V	容量/Ah	能量/Wh	内阻/mΩ
A	NCM721	石墨	360×100×10	770	2.8～4.25	63	226	0.90
B	NCM532	石墨	550×100×8	1250	2.8～4.35	89	330	0.84

影响因素	参数	A组电芯	B组电芯
夹具状态	100 mm刺孔	A1，A8	B1，B8
	50 mm刺孔	A5，A6	B5，B6
	20 mm刺孔	A2，A3	B2，B3
针刺速度	0.1 mm/s	A3，A6，A8	B3，B6，B8
针刺速度	80 mm/s	A1，A2，A5	B1，B2，B5
其他因素	针尖角度60°	A7	B7
其他因素	夹具孔边缘位置	A4	B4

组别	孔径/mm	速度/(mm/s)	针尖/(°)	针刺位置	试验结果	ΔV/mV	ΔT/℃	Λ/mV²
A1	100	80	30°	孔中心	HL3	113	9.4	2×2=4
B1	100	80	30°	孔中心	HL3	69	3.5	18×15=270
A2	20	80	30°	孔中心	HL5	—	—	—
B2	20	80	30°	孔中心	HL3	116	6.4	23×20=460
A3	20	0.1	30°	孔中心	HL3	30	2.2	9×4=36
B3	20	0.1	30°	孔中心	HL3	80	3.1	12×2=24
A4	20	0.1	30°	孔边缘	HL5	—	—	12×5=60
B4	20	0.1	30°	孔边缘	HL5	—	—	—
A5	50	80	30°	孔中心	HL3	136	22	23×15=345
B5	50	80	30°	孔中心	HL3	97	5.7	20×17=340
A6	50	0.1	30°	孔中心	HL3	18	0.9	8×3=24
B6	50	0.1	30°	孔中心	HL3	19	1.2	5×3=15
A7	20	0.1	60°	孔中心	HL3	27	2	7×3=21
B7	20	0.1	60°	孔中心	HL3	24	1	8×4=32
A8	100	0.1	30°	孔中心	HL3	11	0.6	7×3=21
B8	100	0.1	30°	孔中心	HL3	18	1.3	7×2=14

样品	位置	面向导热系数/[W/(m·K)]	纵向导热系数/[W/(m·K)]
A	1	24.10	1.27
	2	23.02	1.23
	3	24.18	1.19
	4	23.10	1.22
	5	22.89	1.20
B	1	20.00	1.18
	2	19.61	1.26
	3	20.33	1.27
	4	19.70	1.27
	5	20.04	1.25