Research progress in liquid cooling and heat dissipation technologies for electrochemical energy storage systems

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0290

Abstract

Abstract:

With advancements in lithium-ion battery technology and decreasing costs, large-scale lithium-ion battery energy storage systems are transitioning from demonstration phases to commercial applications. Optimizing the design of battery thermal management systems is crucial for enhancing the overall performance of energy storage systems. Effective temperature control not only extends the lifespan and discharge capacity of energy storage batteries but also plays a vital role in ensuring the safe operation of power plants. As large-scale electrochemical energy storage power stations increasingly rely on lithium-ion batteries, addressing thermal safety concerns has become urgent. The study compares four cooling technologies—air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change material cooling, and heat pipe cooling—assessing their effectiveness in terms of temperature reduction, temperature uniformity, system structure, and technology maturity. The findings indicate that liquid cooling systems offer significant advantages for large-capacity lithium-ion battery energy storage systems. Key design considerations for liquid cooling heat dissipation systems include parameters such as coolant channels, cold plate shapes, and types of coolant used. Furthermore, the liquid cooling system can be optimized in conjunction with other cooling methods to enhance the thermal performance of the system. By refining control targets and algorithms, intelligent and precise management of battery module temperature can be achieved, thereby improving the overall efficiency of the thermal management system. Liquid cooling technology requires ongoing optimization in several areas, including key system parameter design, control strategy development, and application requirements, to achieve effective temperature control and meet economic and efficiency goals.

Key words: liquid cooling, thermal management, parameter optimization, heat dissipation performance, strategy optimization

CLC Number:

TM 912

Chao WU, Luoya WANG, Zijie YUAN, Changlong MA, Jilei YE, Yuping WU, Lili LIU. Research progress in liquid cooling and heat dissipation technologies for electrochemical energy storage systems[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(10): 3596-3612.

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编号	地点	电池类型	容量/MWh	起火原因	时间
1	弗里蒙特，美国	三元	—	液压油与熔融铝接触	2021.03.12
2	北京，中国	磷酸铁锂	25	内部短路	2021.04.16
3	吉朗，澳大利亚	三元	450	液体冷却剂泄漏造成短路	2021.07.30
4	蒙特雷，美国	三元	1200	管道少量接头故障，水喷到电池，导致短路	2021.09.04
5	蔚山，韩国	三元	—	内部短路	2022.01.12
6	阿德莱德，澳大利亚	—	—	暴露在过热环境或是被刺穿	2022.02.13
7	圣迭戈，美国	三元	560	电气故障产生了烟雾，触发了保护系统	2022.04.05
8	洛坎普顿，澳大利亚	磷酸铁锂	100	储能单元交流电力线路接线问题引发故障，扩散到电池模块	2023.09.26

冷板形状	设计关键因素	特点	参考文献
波形	波形通常与其他形状冷板复合且波形弯曲角应与电池相契合	冷却液进口方向对电池最高温度影响不大，最高温度仅降低2℃	[23]
波形		复合通道减小了横向温度，最高温度降低了6.8%	[24]
波形		波形曲率与锂电池相匹配，最高温度仅为39 ℃	[25]
蛇形	折角处的宽度、弯曲半径以及冷板布局	不同的电池组以及冷却液流量都会有与之对应的最佳冷板设计，温度下降约15%	[27]
蛇形		与宽通道相比，长通道有很好的冷却效果，最高温度仅为40.796 ℃	[28]
蛇形		定义通道宽度l_v、通道弯曲半径r_i	[29]
斜翅片形	鳍角、鳍长以及宽度	对斜翅片角度及宽度优化，温度维持在50 ℃以下	[31]
斜翅片形		提高热导率以及改变电池模组与冷板接触面积	[33]
斜翅片形		翅片长度以及角度调整，温度维持在50 ℃以下	[34]
斜翅片形		对不同鳍角以及鳍长优化，提高温度均一性	[32]

电池	通道形状	冷却剂	影响因素	温度结果		结论
电池	通道形状	冷却剂	影响因素	最高温度T_max	最大温差ΔT_max	结论
50 Ah方形LiFePO₄电池	蛇形	50%乙二醇水溶液	通道宽度l_w、通道弯道内半径r_i	l_w=20 mm r_i=8 mm T_max=323K	l_w=20 mm r_i=8 mm ΔT_max=17K	l_w和r_i增大有利于传热和压力损失的减小
40 Ah方形LiFePO₄电池	斜翅片形	—	鳍角(15°、30°、45°)、鳍长L(8 mm、10 mm、12 mm)	ɑ=30° L=12mm T_max=306.91K	ɑ=30° L=12mm ΔT_max=2.5 K	翅片长度和角度增加会导致压力损失
2.75 Ah圆形18650镍钴铝氧化物(NCA)电池	波形	53%乙二醇水溶液	充/放电速率(1C、1.5C、2C)、流量 (18 L/min、23 L/min、36 L/min)	在流量为36 L/min的2C放电速率下，T_max=312 K	在流量为36 L/min的2C放电速率下，ΔT_max=11 K	研发电动汽车电池组热模型并对充/放电倍率以及冷却液流量进行参数化研究
20 Ah袋式 LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂电池	仿生叶脉分支	50%乙二醇水溶液	入口流量(M)、流道角(ɑ)、流道数(N)、流道宽度(D)	M=0.10 m/s α=159° N=15 D=2.6 mm T_max=30.31 ℃	M=0.10 m/s α=159° N=15 D=2.6mm ΔT_max=2.87 ℃	M和D是影响冷却性能的主要因素，ɑ和N是次要因素

单一控制策略	优点	缺点
逻辑门限值	可靠、稳定	复杂的电路设计、太多的电子元件以及成本高
PID	操作简单且适用范围广	PID三者是线性关系，对于非线性精度有待提高
MPC	易建模、很好的动态控制能力	容易过度拟合、缺乏有效规则
智能控制	学习以及处理能力强	计算复杂且硬件成本高

e	ec
e	NB	NS	ZO	PS	PB
NB	NB/NB/PS	NB/NB/NS	NS/NS/NB	NS/ZO/NS	ZO/ZO/PS
NS	NB/NB/PS	NB/NB/NS	NS/NS/NS	ZO/ZO/NS	PS/ZO/PS
ZO	NS/NS/ZO	NS/NS/NS	ZO/ZO/NS	PS/PS/NS	PS/PS/ZO
PS	NS/ZO/ZO	ZO/ZO/ZO	PS/PS/ZO	PB/PS/ZO	PB/PB/ZO
PB	ZO/ZO/PB	PS/ZO/PB	PS/PS/PS	PB/PB/PS	PB/PB/PB